Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the structural components of the female reproductive structures in Chukar partridge during the pre-laying and laying periods. The left oviduct was convoluted and muscular in the pre-laying and laying periods, but severely convoluted in the laying periods. Both had five regions: infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina. The infundibulum had two parts: the anterior half was large and funnel-shaped, and the posterior part was tubular-shaped known as the neck part. A fold was noted at the neck sections of the pre-laying (pre-laying was very thin and translucent) and expanded in depth toward the magnum, isthmus, and uterus (laying). The magnum's internal mucosal surface was oriented longitudinally. Pre-laying mucosal folds and invagination were less prominent, but during-laying folds were larger, more invaginated, and separated by indentations. The isthmus joined the magnum to the shell gland. The mucosal folds appeared larger, longer, more prominent, and longitudinally orientated in the laying than in the pre-laying. The uterus has two parts: an anterior tubular portion and a posterior pouch-like portion. Its walls were the thickest and widest in the oviduct. The uterine wall is thickest, broadest, and most distended during laying. Its inside surface exhibited circular leaf-like mucosal folds. The vaginal mucosal folds were organized differently and appeared white. The vaginal sphincter muscle in the early section of the vagina is responsible for releasing the egg from the cloaca into the external media.
Keywords
Bird
Morphology
Reproduction
Anatomy
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
IBRAHIM, R. S., & RESHAG, A. F. (2022). Morphology of the oviduct in Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) during pre-laying and laying periods. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 241–249. Retrieved from http://www.ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/805
References
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Abdul Wahhab, S.M. 2017. Comparative Anatomical and histological study of female reproductive system in two Iraqi vertebrates Tyto alba (Barn Owl) and Lepus capensis arabicus (Arabian hare). A Thesis Submitted to the College of Science, University of Baghdad.
Alshammary, H.K. A.; Jabar, A.I. & Nasser, A.A. 2017. Geese ovary and oviduct from an Anatomical and Histological point of view. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 8(6): 207-219.
Al-Taai; D.A. 2015. Histomorphological and Histochemical study on pre and post hatching development of the female genital system in Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Ph.D. Thesis, the College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University.
Bacha, W.J. & Bacha, L.M. 2003. Atlas Colorido de Histología Veterina´ria, 2nd edn. Sao Paulo: Ed. Roca, pp. 358-389.London, New York 2: 223-225.
Bakst, M.R.; Wishart, G.J. & Brillard, J.P. 1994. Oviductal sperm selection, transport, and storage in poultry. Poultry Science Review 5: 117-143.
ElGendy, E.M.; Asmaa, M.I. & Shaimaa, H.H. 2016. Morphological and histological on the female oviduct of Balady Duck (Anas bosdas domesticas). International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 3(7): 171-180.
EvêncioNeto, J.; Liriane, B.E.; Walter, K.F. & Manuelm, D.J.S. 1997. Morphological and Histochemical aspect of the luminal oviductal epithelium of the laying non-laying Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). Revista Chilena de Anatomía 15(2): 16-22.
Ferdous, K.A.; Parvez, M.N.H. & Rahman, M.T. 2011. Effects of age on growth and development of vagina in ISA Brown chickens. The Bangladesh Veterinarian 28(2): 75-79.
Fujii, S. 1963. Histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct of the domestic fowl with special reference to the region of uterovaginal juncture. Archives of Histology and Cytology 23: 447-459.
Hassan, M.S. 2013. Anatomical and Histological study of the ovary and oviduct during quiescent and laying periods in the Iraqi racing pigeon (Columba livia domestica). A thesis submitted to College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University.
Hodges, R.D. 1974. Histology of the fowl. London. Academic Press. pp: 344-349.
Jacobs, M. & Bakst, M.R. 2007. Developmental anatomy of the female reproductive tract. Pages 149-179 in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Aves (Birds). Jamieson, B.G.M. (ed). Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.
Khalaf, A.S. 2019. Comparative Histomorphological and Histochemical Investigation of Female Reproductive System in Geese (Anser anser domesticus) and Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in laying period. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University.
Khokhlov R.Y. & Kuznetcov, S. I. 2007. Morphogenesis of a Tunica Mucosa of Oviduct of the Hens. International Journal of Morphology 25(2): 329-333.
Khokhlov, R.Y. 2008. Morphology of an Infundibulum of the Oviduct of the Sexually Mature Hens. International Journal of Morphology 26(4): 883-886.
Kimball, R.T.; Braun, E.L.; Zwartjes, P.W.; Crowe, T.M. & Ligon, J.D. 1999. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution: A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 11(1): 38-54.
King, A.S. & Mclelland, C.E. 1984. Birds: Their Structure and Functional. 2nd Ed. Bailliers and Tindall. London. pp: 145-165.
Madekurozwa, M.C. 2005. Morphological Features of the Luminal Surface of the Magnum in the sexually Immature Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 34: 350-535.
Mahmud, M.A.; Shaba, P.; Onu, J.E.; Sani, S.A.; Danmaigoro, A.; Abdulsalam, W.; Maaji, M.; Mohammed, A.A. 2017. Gross morphological and morphometric studies of oviduct in three genotypes of Nigerian indigenous laying chickens. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research 5(4): 138-142.
Majama, Y.B.; Mshelia, G.D.; Lawal, J.R.; Zakariah, M.; Charles; A.C.; Bwala, D.A.; Gazali1, Y.A. &. Kachamai W.A. 2016. Morphometrical and Histological Study of the female reproductive tract of Japanese quail (Coturnixcoturnix japonica) in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 4(6): 116-121.
Mcleod, W.M.; Trotter, D.M. & Lumb, J.W. 1964. The oviduct in avian anatomy: Minneopolis. Burgess Puble 80-82.
Mishra, D.; Sultana Masum, M.A. & Rahman, S. 2014. Gross and histomorphological studies of the oviduct of native chicken of bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12(1): 9-15.
Mohammadpour, A.A. 2007. Comparative Histomorphological Study of Uterus between Laying Hen and Duck. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(19): 3479-3481.
Mohammadpour, A.A.; Abdolkarim, Z. & Massoumeh, N 2012. Comparative histomorphometrical study of genital tract in adult laying hen and duck. Veterinary Research Forum 3(1): 27-30.
Moraes, C.; Baraldi Artoni, S.M.; Pacheco, M.R.; Nishizawa, M. & Nakaghi, L.S.O. 2010. Morphology and histology of the oviduct of Marreca pardinha (Anaboschas). Arquivo brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62(2): 34-44.
Neelamm, B.; Uppal, V.; Pathak, D. & Brah. G. 2010. Histomorphometrical and histochemical studies on the oviduct of Punjab white quails. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 45(1): 88-92.
Parizzi, R.C.; Santos, J.M.; Oliveira, M.F.; Maia, M.O.; Sousa, J.A.; Miglino, M.A. & Santos, T.C. 2008. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the oviduct in the sexually mature rhea (Rhea americana). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 37(3): 169-176.
Parto, P.; Zabihollah, K.; Abbas, A. & Bahman, M. 2011. The microstructure of oviduct in laying turkey hen as observed by light and scanning electron microscopies. World Journal of Zoology 6(2): 120-125.
Robert, B.; Reed, J.; Lee, A.; James, T. & Blackford. 2011. Macroscopic anatomy of the reproductive tract of the reproductively quiescent female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 40: 134-141.
Saber, A.S.; Emara, S.A.M. & Abo Saeda, O.M.M. 2009. Light scanning and transmission electron microscopical study on the oviduct of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Journal of Veterinary Anatomy 2(2): 79-89.
Sharaf, A.; Eid, W. & Abuel-Atta, A.A. 2012. Morphological aspect of the ostrich Infundibulum and magnum. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15(3): 145-159.
Sharaf, A.; Eid, W. & Abuel-Atta, A.A. 2013. Age-related morphology of the ostrich oviduct (isthmus, uterus and vagina). Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16(3): 145-158.
Sultana, F; Yokoe, A; Ito, Y; Mao, K.M. & Yoshizaki, N. 2003. The peri albumen layer: a novel structure in the envelopes of an avian egg. Journal of Anatomy 203: 115-122.
Suraj, A.A. & Suhas, A.A. 2009. Female reproductive physiology of chicken. Poultry Line 30-32.
References
Abdul Wahhab, S.M. 2017. Comparative Anatomical and histological study of female reproductive system in two Iraqi vertebrates Tyto alba (Barn Owl) and Lepus capensis arabicus (Arabian hare). A Thesis Submitted to the College of Science, University of Baghdad.
Alshammary, H.K. A.; Jabar, A.I. & Nasser, A.A. 2017. Geese ovary and oviduct from an Anatomical and Histological point of view. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 8(6): 207-219.
Al-Taai; D.A. 2015. Histomorphological and Histochemical study on pre and post hatching development of the female genital system in Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Ph.D. Thesis, the College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University.
Bacha, W.J. & Bacha, L.M. 2003. Atlas Colorido de Histología Veterina´ria, 2nd edn. Sao Paulo: Ed. Roca, pp. 358-389.London, New York 2: 223-225.
Bakst, M.R.; Wishart, G.J. & Brillard, J.P. 1994. Oviductal sperm selection, transport, and storage in poultry. Poultry Science Review 5: 117-143.
ElGendy, E.M.; Asmaa, M.I. & Shaimaa, H.H. 2016. Morphological and histological on the female oviduct of Balady Duck (Anas bosdas domesticas). International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 3(7): 171-180.
EvêncioNeto, J.; Liriane, B.E.; Walter, K.F. & Manuelm, D.J.S. 1997. Morphological and Histochemical aspect of the luminal oviductal epithelium of the laying non-laying Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). Revista Chilena de Anatomía 15(2): 16-22.
Ferdous, K.A.; Parvez, M.N.H. & Rahman, M.T. 2011. Effects of age on growth and development of vagina in ISA Brown chickens. The Bangladesh Veterinarian 28(2): 75-79.
Fujii, S. 1963. Histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct of the domestic fowl with special reference to the region of uterovaginal juncture. Archives of Histology and Cytology 23: 447-459.
Hassan, M.S. 2013. Anatomical and Histological study of the ovary and oviduct during quiescent and laying periods in the Iraqi racing pigeon (Columba livia domestica). A thesis submitted to College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University.
Hodges, R.D. 1974. Histology of the fowl. London. Academic Press. pp: 344-349.
Jacobs, M. & Bakst, M.R. 2007. Developmental anatomy of the female reproductive tract. Pages 149-179 in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Aves (Birds). Jamieson, B.G.M. (ed). Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.
Khalaf, A.S. 2019. Comparative Histomorphological and Histochemical Investigation of Female Reproductive System in Geese (Anser anser domesticus) and Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in laying period. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University.
Khokhlov R.Y. & Kuznetcov, S. I. 2007. Morphogenesis of a Tunica Mucosa of Oviduct of the Hens. International Journal of Morphology 25(2): 329-333.
Khokhlov, R.Y. 2008. Morphology of an Infundibulum of the Oviduct of the Sexually Mature Hens. International Journal of Morphology 26(4): 883-886.
Kimball, R.T.; Braun, E.L.; Zwartjes, P.W.; Crowe, T.M. & Ligon, J.D. 1999. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution: A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 11(1): 38-54.
King, A.S. & Mclelland, C.E. 1984. Birds: Their Structure and Functional. 2nd Ed. Bailliers and Tindall. London. pp: 145-165.
Madekurozwa, M.C. 2005. Morphological Features of the Luminal Surface of the Magnum in the sexually Immature Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 34: 350-535.
Mahmud, M.A.; Shaba, P.; Onu, J.E.; Sani, S.A.; Danmaigoro, A.; Abdulsalam, W.; Maaji, M.; Mohammed, A.A. 2017. Gross morphological and morphometric studies of oviduct in three genotypes of Nigerian indigenous laying chickens. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research 5(4): 138-142.
Majama, Y.B.; Mshelia, G.D.; Lawal, J.R.; Zakariah, M.; Charles; A.C.; Bwala, D.A.; Gazali1, Y.A. &. Kachamai W.A. 2016. Morphometrical and Histological Study of the female reproductive tract of Japanese quail (Coturnixcoturnix japonica) in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 4(6): 116-121.
Mcleod, W.M.; Trotter, D.M. & Lumb, J.W. 1964. The oviduct in avian anatomy: Minneopolis. Burgess Puble 80-82.
Mishra, D.; Sultana Masum, M.A. & Rahman, S. 2014. Gross and histomorphological studies of the oviduct of native chicken of bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12(1): 9-15.
Mohammadpour, A.A. 2007. Comparative Histomorphological Study of Uterus between Laying Hen and Duck. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(19): 3479-3481.
Mohammadpour, A.A.; Abdolkarim, Z. & Massoumeh, N 2012. Comparative histomorphometrical study of genital tract in adult laying hen and duck. Veterinary Research Forum 3(1): 27-30.
Moraes, C.; Baraldi Artoni, S.M.; Pacheco, M.R.; Nishizawa, M. & Nakaghi, L.S.O. 2010. Morphology and histology of the oviduct of Marreca pardinha (Anaboschas). Arquivo brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62(2): 34-44.
Neelamm, B.; Uppal, V.; Pathak, D. & Brah. G. 2010. Histomorphometrical and histochemical studies on the oviduct of Punjab white quails. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 45(1): 88-92.
Parizzi, R.C.; Santos, J.M.; Oliveira, M.F.; Maia, M.O.; Sousa, J.A.; Miglino, M.A. & Santos, T.C. 2008. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the oviduct in the sexually mature rhea (Rhea americana). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 37(3): 169-176.
Parto, P.; Zabihollah, K.; Abbas, A. & Bahman, M. 2011. The microstructure of oviduct in laying turkey hen as observed by light and scanning electron microscopies. World Journal of Zoology 6(2): 120-125.
Robert, B.; Reed, J.; Lee, A.; James, T. & Blackford. 2011. Macroscopic anatomy of the reproductive tract of the reproductively quiescent female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 40: 134-141.
Saber, A.S.; Emara, S.A.M. & Abo Saeda, O.M.M. 2009. Light scanning and transmission electron microscopical study on the oviduct of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Journal of Veterinary Anatomy 2(2): 79-89.
Sharaf, A.; Eid, W. & Abuel-Atta, A.A. 2012. Morphological aspect of the ostrich Infundibulum and magnum. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15(3): 145-159.
Sharaf, A.; Eid, W. & Abuel-Atta, A.A. 2013. Age-related morphology of the ostrich oviduct (isthmus, uterus and vagina). Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16(3): 145-158.
Sultana, F; Yokoe, A; Ito, Y; Mao, K.M. & Yoshizaki, N. 2003. The peri albumen layer: a novel structure in the envelopes of an avian egg. Journal of Anatomy 203: 115-122.
Suraj, A.A. & Suhas, A.A. 2009. Female reproductive physiology of chicken. Poultry Line 30-32.
Alshammary, H.K. A.; Jabar, A.I. & Nasser, A.A. 2017. Geese ovary and oviduct from an Anatomical and Histological point of view. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences 8(6): 207-219.
Al-Taai; D.A. 2015. Histomorphological and Histochemical study on pre and post hatching development of the female genital system in Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Ph.D. Thesis, the College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University.
Bacha, W.J. & Bacha, L.M. 2003. Atlas Colorido de Histología Veterina´ria, 2nd edn. Sao Paulo: Ed. Roca, pp. 358-389.London, New York 2: 223-225.
Bakst, M.R.; Wishart, G.J. & Brillard, J.P. 1994. Oviductal sperm selection, transport, and storage in poultry. Poultry Science Review 5: 117-143.
ElGendy, E.M.; Asmaa, M.I. & Shaimaa, H.H. 2016. Morphological and histological on the female oviduct of Balady Duck (Anas bosdas domesticas). International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences 3(7): 171-180.
EvêncioNeto, J.; Liriane, B.E.; Walter, K.F. & Manuelm, D.J.S. 1997. Morphological and Histochemical aspect of the luminal oviductal epithelium of the laying non-laying Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). Revista Chilena de Anatomía 15(2): 16-22.
Ferdous, K.A.; Parvez, M.N.H. & Rahman, M.T. 2011. Effects of age on growth and development of vagina in ISA Brown chickens. The Bangladesh Veterinarian 28(2): 75-79.
Fujii, S. 1963. Histological and histochemical studies on the oviduct of the domestic fowl with special reference to the region of uterovaginal juncture. Archives of Histology and Cytology 23: 447-459.
Hassan, M.S. 2013. Anatomical and Histological study of the ovary and oviduct during quiescent and laying periods in the Iraqi racing pigeon (Columba livia domestica). A thesis submitted to College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University.
Hodges, R.D. 1974. Histology of the fowl. London. Academic Press. pp: 344-349.
Jacobs, M. & Bakst, M.R. 2007. Developmental anatomy of the female reproductive tract. Pages 149-179 in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Aves (Birds). Jamieson, B.G.M. (ed). Science Publishers, Enfield, NH.
Khalaf, A.S. 2019. Comparative Histomorphological and Histochemical Investigation of Female Reproductive System in Geese (Anser anser domesticus) and Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in laying period. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University.
Khokhlov R.Y. & Kuznetcov, S. I. 2007. Morphogenesis of a Tunica Mucosa of Oviduct of the Hens. International Journal of Morphology 25(2): 329-333.
Khokhlov, R.Y. 2008. Morphology of an Infundibulum of the Oviduct of the Sexually Mature Hens. International Journal of Morphology 26(4): 883-886.
Kimball, R.T.; Braun, E.L.; Zwartjes, P.W.; Crowe, T.M. & Ligon, J.D. 1999. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution: A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 11(1): 38-54.
King, A.S. & Mclelland, C.E. 1984. Birds: Their Structure and Functional. 2nd Ed. Bailliers and Tindall. London. pp: 145-165.
Madekurozwa, M.C. 2005. Morphological Features of the Luminal Surface of the Magnum in the sexually Immature Ostrich (Struthio camelus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 34: 350-535.
Mahmud, M.A.; Shaba, P.; Onu, J.E.; Sani, S.A.; Danmaigoro, A.; Abdulsalam, W.; Maaji, M.; Mohammed, A.A. 2017. Gross morphological and morphometric studies of oviduct in three genotypes of Nigerian indigenous laying chickens. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research 5(4): 138-142.
Majama, Y.B.; Mshelia, G.D.; Lawal, J.R.; Zakariah, M.; Charles; A.C.; Bwala, D.A.; Gazali1, Y.A. &. Kachamai W.A. 2016. Morphometrical and Histological Study of the female reproductive tract of Japanese quail (Coturnixcoturnix japonica) in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. Direct Research Journal of Agriculture and Food Science 4(6): 116-121.
Mcleod, W.M.; Trotter, D.M. & Lumb, J.W. 1964. The oviduct in avian anatomy: Minneopolis. Burgess Puble 80-82.
Mishra, D.; Sultana Masum, M.A. & Rahman, S. 2014. Gross and histomorphological studies of the oviduct of native chicken of bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 12(1): 9-15.
Mohammadpour, A.A. 2007. Comparative Histomorphological Study of Uterus between Laying Hen and Duck. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(19): 3479-3481.
Mohammadpour, A.A.; Abdolkarim, Z. & Massoumeh, N 2012. Comparative histomorphometrical study of genital tract in adult laying hen and duck. Veterinary Research Forum 3(1): 27-30.
Moraes, C.; Baraldi Artoni, S.M.; Pacheco, M.R.; Nishizawa, M. & Nakaghi, L.S.O. 2010. Morphology and histology of the oviduct of Marreca pardinha (Anaboschas). Arquivo brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 62(2): 34-44.
Neelamm, B.; Uppal, V.; Pathak, D. & Brah. G. 2010. Histomorphometrical and histochemical studies on the oviduct of Punjab white quails. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 45(1): 88-92.
Parizzi, R.C.; Santos, J.M.; Oliveira, M.F.; Maia, M.O.; Sousa, J.A.; Miglino, M.A. & Santos, T.C. 2008. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the oviduct in the sexually mature rhea (Rhea americana). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 37(3): 169-176.
Parto, P.; Zabihollah, K.; Abbas, A. & Bahman, M. 2011. The microstructure of oviduct in laying turkey hen as observed by light and scanning electron microscopies. World Journal of Zoology 6(2): 120-125.
Robert, B.; Reed, J.; Lee, A.; James, T. & Blackford. 2011. Macroscopic anatomy of the reproductive tract of the reproductively quiescent female emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 40: 134-141.
Saber, A.S.; Emara, S.A.M. & Abo Saeda, O.M.M. 2009. Light scanning and transmission electron microscopical study on the oviduct of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Journal of Veterinary Anatomy 2(2): 79-89.
Sharaf, A.; Eid, W. & Abuel-Atta, A.A. 2012. Morphological aspect of the ostrich Infundibulum and magnum. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15(3): 145-159.
Sharaf, A.; Eid, W. & Abuel-Atta, A.A. 2013. Age-related morphology of the ostrich oviduct (isthmus, uterus and vagina). Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 16(3): 145-158.
Sultana, F; Yokoe, A; Ito, Y; Mao, K.M. & Yoshizaki, N. 2003. The peri albumen layer: a novel structure in the envelopes of an avian egg. Journal of Anatomy 203: 115-122.
Suraj, A.A. & Suhas, A.A. 2009. Female reproductive physiology of chicken. Poultry Line 30-32.