Main Article Content
Abstract
Cadmium is one of heavy metals affecting aquatic biota. The current study aimed to investigate the toxic effect of cadmium on the biochemical parameters of blood (glucose, total protein, activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) and the histological structure of gills and liver in common carp exposed to sublethal concentrations for 96 hours. The toxicity test was performed with sublethal cadmium chloride (CdCl2) concentration using the fixed bioassay method in static renewal conditions. Based on the results, glucose levels significantly increased in treated fish, while total protein declined significantly. Cadmium toxicity raised the activity of serum AST and ALT (P<0.05). The histopathological examinations showed increased alternation in the gill tissues and hepatic tissue over the 96 h of exposure. In conclusion, Cyprinus carpio, is affected by the toxic impact of cadmium on biochemical parameters of blood, and the alteration in the histology of gill and liver.
Keywords
Cadmium
Biochemical parameters
Histopathological changes
Carp
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
ALDOGHACHI, M. A. J. (2022). Effect of water-borne cadmium toxicity on some biochemical parameters and histopathological alterations in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 205–210. Retrieved from http://www.ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/801
References
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Abdel-Tawwab, M.; El-Sayed, G. & Shady, S. 2016. Growth, biochemical variables, and zinc bioaccumulation in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) as affected by water-born zinc toxicity and exposure period. International Aquatic Research 8: 197-206.
Adam, M.A.; Maftuch Kilawati, Y.; Soegianto, A. & Risjani, Y. 2019. The effects of acute exposure to cadmium nitrate (CdNO3) on gambusia fish (Gambusia affinis). IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 259: 012004.
Ahn, T.Y.; Park, H.; Kim, J. & Kang, J. 2020. Effects of antioxidant enzymes and bioaccumulation in eels (Anguilla japonica) by acute exposure of waterborne cadmium. Fisheries Aquatic Sciences 23(23): 2-10.
Alak, G.; Parlak, V.; Aslan, M.; Ucar, A.; Atamanalp, M. & Turkez, H. 2018. Borax supplementation alleviates hematotoxicity and DNA damage in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper. Biological Trace Element Research.
Al-Asgah, N.A.; Abdel-Warith, A.; Younis, E. & Allam, H. 2015. Hematological and biochemical parameters and tissue accumulations of cadmium in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to various concentrations of cadmium chloride. Saudi Journal of Biological Science 22: 543-550.
Aldoghachi, M.A.; Al-Zaidy, F. & AlKatrani, L. 2019. Effects of sublethal zinc ions and acute crude oil exposure on serum enzymes activity of Carassius gibelio. Journal of Animal Behavior Biometeorology 7: 155-159.
Alm-Eldeen, A.A.; Donia, T. & Alzahaby, S. 2018. Comparative study on the toxic effects of some heavy metals on the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in the Middle Delta, Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 14636-14646.
APHA. 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 22th (Eds.), Clesceri LS, Greenberg, A.E. & Eaton, A.D. (Eds.), American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Barone, G.; Storelli, A.; Meleleo, D.; Dambrosio, A.; Garofalo, R.; Busco, A. & Storelli, M. 2021. Levels of mercury, methylmercury and selenium in fish: insights into children food safety. Toxics 9(39): 2-14.
Evans, D.H.; Piermarini, P.M. & Choe, K. 2005. The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid–base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste, Physiological Reviews 85: 97-177.
Heydarnejad, M.S.; Khosravian-Hemamai, M. & Nematollahi, A. 2013. Effects of cadmium at sub-lethal concentration on growth and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Irish Veterinary Journal 66(11): 1-7.
Jalaludeen, M.D.; Arunachalam, M.; Raja, M.; Nandagopal, S.; Bhat, A. & Sundar, S. 2012. Histopathology of the gill, liver and kidney tissue of the fresh water fish tilapia mossambica exposed to cadmium sulphate. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research 2(4): 572-578.
Jeferson, R.B.; Gabriela, Z.; Emitério, R.; Günther, G. & Luciano, B. 2018. Analysis of histopathological abnormalities in the gills of Astyanax jacuhiensis (characidae) for assessment of water quality in the ijuí river, southern Brazil. Acta Toxicológica Argentina 26(3): 99-103.
Khalesi, M.K.; Abedi, Z. & Behrouzi, S. 2017. Hematological, blood biochemical and histopathological effects of sublethal cadmium and lead concentrations in common carp. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 20(2): 141-150
Khan, A.; Shah, N.; Muhammad, M.; Khan, M.; Ahmad, M.; Farooq, M.; Adnan, M. & Yousafzai, A.M. 2016. Quantitative determination of lethal concentration Lc50 of atrazine on biochemical parameters; total protein and serum albumin of freshwater fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(4): 1555-1561.
Lee, G. 2015. Environment and sustainability; Effect of water and nitrogen application rates on form change and effectiveness of heavy metals Cd (293-301). WIT Press, UK. 701 p
McGeer, J.; Niyogi, S. & Smith, D. 2012. Cadmium. In: Wood, C.M.; Farrell, A.P. & Brauner, C.J. (Eds.), Homeostasis and Toxicology of Non-essential Metals. Academic Press, London, pp. 126-184
Mutlu, E.; Aydın, S. & Kutlu, B. 2015. Alterations of growth performance and blood chemistry in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) affected by copper sulfate in long-term exposure. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 15: 481-488.
Albu, P.; Herman, H.; Balta, C.; Lazar, V.; Fulop, A.; Baranyai, E. & Dinischiotu, A. 2021. Correlation between heavy metal-induced histopathological changes and trophic interactions between different fish species. Applied Sciences 11(9): 3760.
Pandit, D.N. & Sharma, S. 2019. Evaluation of short term stress of lead on certain hematological biomarkers in an Indian air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Trends in Fisheries Research 8(3): 2319-4758
Pereira Pinto, A.; Cortes, R.; Fontaı´nhas-Fernandes, A.; Coimbra, A. & Monteiro, S. 2013. Gill histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation in native fish captured in Portuguese northwestern rivers. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 90: 157-166.
Rahimikia, E. 2017. Analysis of antioxidants and serum biochemical responses in goldfish under nickel exposure by sub-chronic test. Journal of Applied Animal Research 45: 320-325.
Sabullah, M.K.; Ahmad, S.; Shukor, M.; Gansau, A.; Syed, M.; Sulaiman, M. & Shamaan, N. 2015. Mini Review Heavy metal biomarker: Fish behavior, cellular alteration, enzymatic reaction and proteomics approaches. International Food Research Journal 22(2): 435-454.
Shah, N.; Khisroon, M. & Shah, S. 2020. Metals distribution, histopathological alterations, and health risk assessment in different tissues of fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Biological Trace Element Research 199: 2730-2752
Triebskorn, R.; Telcean, I.; Casper, H.; Farkas, A.; Sandu, C.; Stan, G.; Colarescu, O.; Dori, T. & Kohler, H-R. 2008. Monitoring pollution in river Mures, Romania, part II: metal accumulation and histopathology in fish. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 141: 177-188.
Younis, E.M.; Abdel-Warith, A.; Al-Asgah, N.; Ebaid, H. & Mubarak, M. 2013. Histological Changes in the Liver and Intestine of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(3): 833-841
Yuanyyuan, W.; Qixing, Z.; Shengwei P.; Lena, M. & Xiaowei, N. 2009. Toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil in aquatic environment on Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant defense system. Journal of Environmental Sciences 21: 612-617
Zang, L.; Shimada, Y.; Nishimura, Y.; Tanaka, T. & Nishimura, N. 2015. Repeated blood collection for blood tests in adult zebrafish. Journal of Visualized Experiments 102: 53272.
References
Abdel-Tawwab, M.; El-Sayed, G. & Shady, S. 2016. Growth, biochemical variables, and zinc bioaccumulation in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) as affected by water-born zinc toxicity and exposure period. International Aquatic Research 8: 197-206.
Adam, M.A.; Maftuch Kilawati, Y.; Soegianto, A. & Risjani, Y. 2019. The effects of acute exposure to cadmium nitrate (CdNO3) on gambusia fish (Gambusia affinis). IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 259: 012004.
Ahn, T.Y.; Park, H.; Kim, J. & Kang, J. 2020. Effects of antioxidant enzymes and bioaccumulation in eels (Anguilla japonica) by acute exposure of waterborne cadmium. Fisheries Aquatic Sciences 23(23): 2-10.
Alak, G.; Parlak, V.; Aslan, M.; Ucar, A.; Atamanalp, M. & Turkez, H. 2018. Borax supplementation alleviates hematotoxicity and DNA damage in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper. Biological Trace Element Research.
Al-Asgah, N.A.; Abdel-Warith, A.; Younis, E. & Allam, H. 2015. Hematological and biochemical parameters and tissue accumulations of cadmium in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to various concentrations of cadmium chloride. Saudi Journal of Biological Science 22: 543-550.
Aldoghachi, M.A.; Al-Zaidy, F. & AlKatrani, L. 2019. Effects of sublethal zinc ions and acute crude oil exposure on serum enzymes activity of Carassius gibelio. Journal of Animal Behavior Biometeorology 7: 155-159.
Alm-Eldeen, A.A.; Donia, T. & Alzahaby, S. 2018. Comparative study on the toxic effects of some heavy metals on the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in the Middle Delta, Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 14636-14646.
APHA. 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 22th (Eds.), Clesceri LS, Greenberg, A.E. & Eaton, A.D. (Eds.), American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Barone, G.; Storelli, A.; Meleleo, D.; Dambrosio, A.; Garofalo, R.; Busco, A. & Storelli, M. 2021. Levels of mercury, methylmercury and selenium in fish: insights into children food safety. Toxics 9(39): 2-14.
Evans, D.H.; Piermarini, P.M. & Choe, K. 2005. The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid–base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste, Physiological Reviews 85: 97-177.
Heydarnejad, M.S.; Khosravian-Hemamai, M. & Nematollahi, A. 2013. Effects of cadmium at sub-lethal concentration on growth and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Irish Veterinary Journal 66(11): 1-7.
Jalaludeen, M.D.; Arunachalam, M.; Raja, M.; Nandagopal, S.; Bhat, A. & Sundar, S. 2012. Histopathology of the gill, liver and kidney tissue of the fresh water fish tilapia mossambica exposed to cadmium sulphate. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research 2(4): 572-578.
Jeferson, R.B.; Gabriela, Z.; Emitério, R.; Günther, G. & Luciano, B. 2018. Analysis of histopathological abnormalities in the gills of Astyanax jacuhiensis (characidae) for assessment of water quality in the ijuí river, southern Brazil. Acta Toxicológica Argentina 26(3): 99-103.
Khalesi, M.K.; Abedi, Z. & Behrouzi, S. 2017. Hematological, blood biochemical and histopathological effects of sublethal cadmium and lead concentrations in common carp. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 20(2): 141-150
Khan, A.; Shah, N.; Muhammad, M.; Khan, M.; Ahmad, M.; Farooq, M.; Adnan, M. & Yousafzai, A.M. 2016. Quantitative determination of lethal concentration Lc50 of atrazine on biochemical parameters; total protein and serum albumin of freshwater fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(4): 1555-1561.
Lee, G. 2015. Environment and sustainability; Effect of water and nitrogen application rates on form change and effectiveness of heavy metals Cd (293-301). WIT Press, UK. 701 p
McGeer, J.; Niyogi, S. & Smith, D. 2012. Cadmium. In: Wood, C.M.; Farrell, A.P. & Brauner, C.J. (Eds.), Homeostasis and Toxicology of Non-essential Metals. Academic Press, London, pp. 126-184
Mutlu, E.; Aydın, S. & Kutlu, B. 2015. Alterations of growth performance and blood chemistry in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) affected by copper sulfate in long-term exposure. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 15: 481-488.
Albu, P.; Herman, H.; Balta, C.; Lazar, V.; Fulop, A.; Baranyai, E. & Dinischiotu, A. 2021. Correlation between heavy metal-induced histopathological changes and trophic interactions between different fish species. Applied Sciences 11(9): 3760.
Pandit, D.N. & Sharma, S. 2019. Evaluation of short term stress of lead on certain hematological biomarkers in an Indian air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Trends in Fisheries Research 8(3): 2319-4758
Pereira Pinto, A.; Cortes, R.; Fontaı´nhas-Fernandes, A.; Coimbra, A. & Monteiro, S. 2013. Gill histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation in native fish captured in Portuguese northwestern rivers. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 90: 157-166.
Rahimikia, E. 2017. Analysis of antioxidants and serum biochemical responses in goldfish under nickel exposure by sub-chronic test. Journal of Applied Animal Research 45: 320-325.
Sabullah, M.K.; Ahmad, S.; Shukor, M.; Gansau, A.; Syed, M.; Sulaiman, M. & Shamaan, N. 2015. Mini Review Heavy metal biomarker: Fish behavior, cellular alteration, enzymatic reaction and proteomics approaches. International Food Research Journal 22(2): 435-454.
Shah, N.; Khisroon, M. & Shah, S. 2020. Metals distribution, histopathological alterations, and health risk assessment in different tissues of fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Biological Trace Element Research 199: 2730-2752
Triebskorn, R.; Telcean, I.; Casper, H.; Farkas, A.; Sandu, C.; Stan, G.; Colarescu, O.; Dori, T. & Kohler, H-R. 2008. Monitoring pollution in river Mures, Romania, part II: metal accumulation and histopathology in fish. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 141: 177-188.
Younis, E.M.; Abdel-Warith, A.; Al-Asgah, N.; Ebaid, H. & Mubarak, M. 2013. Histological Changes in the Liver and Intestine of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(3): 833-841
Yuanyyuan, W.; Qixing, Z.; Shengwei P.; Lena, M. & Xiaowei, N. 2009. Toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil in aquatic environment on Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant defense system. Journal of Environmental Sciences 21: 612-617
Zang, L.; Shimada, Y.; Nishimura, Y.; Tanaka, T. & Nishimura, N. 2015. Repeated blood collection for blood tests in adult zebrafish. Journal of Visualized Experiments 102: 53272.
Adam, M.A.; Maftuch Kilawati, Y.; Soegianto, A. & Risjani, Y. 2019. The effects of acute exposure to cadmium nitrate (CdNO3) on gambusia fish (Gambusia affinis). IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 259: 012004.
Ahn, T.Y.; Park, H.; Kim, J. & Kang, J. 2020. Effects of antioxidant enzymes and bioaccumulation in eels (Anguilla japonica) by acute exposure of waterborne cadmium. Fisheries Aquatic Sciences 23(23): 2-10.
Alak, G.; Parlak, V.; Aslan, M.; Ucar, A.; Atamanalp, M. & Turkez, H. 2018. Borax supplementation alleviates hematotoxicity and DNA damage in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to copper. Biological Trace Element Research.
Al-Asgah, N.A.; Abdel-Warith, A.; Younis, E. & Allam, H. 2015. Hematological and biochemical parameters and tissue accumulations of cadmium in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to various concentrations of cadmium chloride. Saudi Journal of Biological Science 22: 543-550.
Aldoghachi, M.A.; Al-Zaidy, F. & AlKatrani, L. 2019. Effects of sublethal zinc ions and acute crude oil exposure on serum enzymes activity of Carassius gibelio. Journal of Animal Behavior Biometeorology 7: 155-159.
Alm-Eldeen, A.A.; Donia, T. & Alzahaby, S. 2018. Comparative study on the toxic effects of some heavy metals on the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in the Middle Delta, Egypt. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25: 14636-14646.
APHA. 2012. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 22th (Eds.), Clesceri LS, Greenberg, A.E. & Eaton, A.D. (Eds.), American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
Barone, G.; Storelli, A.; Meleleo, D.; Dambrosio, A.; Garofalo, R.; Busco, A. & Storelli, M. 2021. Levels of mercury, methylmercury and selenium in fish: insights into children food safety. Toxics 9(39): 2-14.
Evans, D.H.; Piermarini, P.M. & Choe, K. 2005. The multifunctional fish gill: dominant site of gas exchange, osmoregulation, acid–base regulation, and excretion of nitrogenous waste, Physiological Reviews 85: 97-177.
Heydarnejad, M.S.; Khosravian-Hemamai, M. & Nematollahi, A. 2013. Effects of cadmium at sub-lethal concentration on growth and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Irish Veterinary Journal 66(11): 1-7.
Jalaludeen, M.D.; Arunachalam, M.; Raja, M.; Nandagopal, S.; Bhat, A. & Sundar, S. 2012. Histopathology of the gill, liver and kidney tissue of the fresh water fish tilapia mossambica exposed to cadmium sulphate. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research 2(4): 572-578.
Jeferson, R.B.; Gabriela, Z.; Emitério, R.; Günther, G. & Luciano, B. 2018. Analysis of histopathological abnormalities in the gills of Astyanax jacuhiensis (characidae) for assessment of water quality in the ijuí river, southern Brazil. Acta Toxicológica Argentina 26(3): 99-103.
Khalesi, M.K.; Abedi, Z. & Behrouzi, S. 2017. Hematological, blood biochemical and histopathological effects of sublethal cadmium and lead concentrations in common carp. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 20(2): 141-150
Khan, A.; Shah, N.; Muhammad, M.; Khan, M.; Ahmad, M.; Farooq, M.; Adnan, M. & Yousafzai, A.M. 2016. Quantitative determination of lethal concentration Lc50 of atrazine on biochemical parameters; total protein and serum albumin of freshwater fish grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 25(4): 1555-1561.
Lee, G. 2015. Environment and sustainability; Effect of water and nitrogen application rates on form change and effectiveness of heavy metals Cd (293-301). WIT Press, UK. 701 p
McGeer, J.; Niyogi, S. & Smith, D. 2012. Cadmium. In: Wood, C.M.; Farrell, A.P. & Brauner, C.J. (Eds.), Homeostasis and Toxicology of Non-essential Metals. Academic Press, London, pp. 126-184
Mutlu, E.; Aydın, S. & Kutlu, B. 2015. Alterations of growth performance and blood chemistry in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) affected by copper sulfate in long-term exposure. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 15: 481-488.
Albu, P.; Herman, H.; Balta, C.; Lazar, V.; Fulop, A.; Baranyai, E. & Dinischiotu, A. 2021. Correlation between heavy metal-induced histopathological changes and trophic interactions between different fish species. Applied Sciences 11(9): 3760.
Pandit, D.N. & Sharma, S. 2019. Evaluation of short term stress of lead on certain hematological biomarkers in an Indian air breathing fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch). Trends in Fisheries Research 8(3): 2319-4758
Pereira Pinto, A.; Cortes, R.; Fontaı´nhas-Fernandes, A.; Coimbra, A. & Monteiro, S. 2013. Gill histopathological and oxidative stress evaluation in native fish captured in Portuguese northwestern rivers. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 90: 157-166.
Rahimikia, E. 2017. Analysis of antioxidants and serum biochemical responses in goldfish under nickel exposure by sub-chronic test. Journal of Applied Animal Research 45: 320-325.
Sabullah, M.K.; Ahmad, S.; Shukor, M.; Gansau, A.; Syed, M.; Sulaiman, M. & Shamaan, N. 2015. Mini Review Heavy metal biomarker: Fish behavior, cellular alteration, enzymatic reaction and proteomics approaches. International Food Research Journal 22(2): 435-454.
Shah, N.; Khisroon, M. & Shah, S. 2020. Metals distribution, histopathological alterations, and health risk assessment in different tissues of fish (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Biological Trace Element Research 199: 2730-2752
Triebskorn, R.; Telcean, I.; Casper, H.; Farkas, A.; Sandu, C.; Stan, G.; Colarescu, O.; Dori, T. & Kohler, H-R. 2008. Monitoring pollution in river Mures, Romania, part II: metal accumulation and histopathology in fish. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 141: 177-188.
Younis, E.M.; Abdel-Warith, A.; Al-Asgah, N.; Ebaid, H. & Mubarak, M. 2013. Histological Changes in the Liver and Intestine of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 45(3): 833-841
Yuanyyuan, W.; Qixing, Z.; Shengwei P.; Lena, M. & Xiaowei, N. 2009. Toxic effects of crude-oil-contaminated soil in aquatic environment on Carassius auratus and their hepatic antioxidant defense system. Journal of Environmental Sciences 21: 612-617
Zang, L.; Shimada, Y.; Nishimura, Y.; Tanaka, T. & Nishimura, N. 2015. Repeated blood collection for blood tests in adult zebrafish. Journal of Visualized Experiments 102: 53272.