Main Article Content
Abstract
The Northern Bay of Bengal (NBoB) contributes largely towards the fish production of India and its neighboring countries. A pioneering attempt was made to understand temporal variability of the fish assemblage (exclusively to those of fisheries interest) of the NBoB (20°20ʹ–21°30ʹN and 87°30ʹ–89°E) in relation to sea surface temperature (SST) (°C), sea surface salinity (SSS), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) (mg/l) changes. Between 2006 and 2015, the inter-annual variations of SST, SSS, and Chl-a were minor. Seasonal variability of SST, SSS, and Chl-a was observed and a yearly bi-modal peak of Chl-a production was evident. Inter-annual variability of the species dominance (D) was most plausibly explained by the SST*Chl-a (Δ AIC = 0) model. Variation of evenness index (J) was explained most plausibility by the Chl-a (Δ AIC = 0) model. Seasonal variability of SST and Chl-a levels, possibly influence the fish community of the NBoB, therefore, a regular monitoring programme is suggested for understanding the long-term changes of the fish assemblage of the NBoB.
Keywords
Sea surface temperature
Sea surface salinity
Chlorophyll-a
Fish diversity.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
DUTTA, S., & PAUL, S. (2021). Temporal variability of economic fish assemblage of the Northern Bay of Bengal in relation to its environment. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8(2), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i2.516
References
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Ahammad, F. 2004. Catch Composition of Estuarine Set Bag Net (ESBN) in the Moheshkhali Channel of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. M.Sc. Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Akhand, A.; Chanda, A.; Dutta, S. & Hazra, S. 2012. Air–water carbon dioxide exchange dynamics along the outer estuarine transition zone of Sundarban, northern Bay of Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences 41(2): 111-116.
Banse, K. 1987. Seasonality of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the central and northern Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 34(5-6): 713-723.
BOBP. 1990. Marine Small-Scale Fisheries of West Bengal: An Introduction. BOBP/INF/1 1.
Bookhagen, B. & Burbank, D.W. 2010. Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge. Journal of Geophysical Research 115(F03019): 1-25.
Botsford, L.W.; Castilla, J.C. & Peterson, C.H. 1997. The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science 277(5325): 509-515.
Brammer, H. 2014. Bangladesh’s dynamic coastal regions and sea-level rise. Climate Risk Management 1: 51-62.
Burnham, K.P. & Anderson, D.R. 2004. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research 33(2): 261-304.
Burrows, M.T.; Schoeman, D.S.; Richardson, A.J.; Molinos, J.G.; Hoffmann, A.; Buckley, L.B. & Poloczanska, E.S. 2014. Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. Nature 507(7493): 492-495.
Castillo-Rivera, M.; Zavala-Hurtado, J.A. & Zárate. R. 2002. Exploration of spatial and temporal patterns of fish diversity and composition in a tropical estuarine system of Mexico. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12: 167-177.
Chauhan, O.S.; Rajawat, A.S.; Pradhan, Y.; Suneethi, J. & Nayak, S.R. 2005. Weekly observations on dispersal and sink pathways of the terrigenous flux of the Ganga–Brahmaputra in the Bay of Bengal during NE monsoon. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 52(14): 2018-2030.
Choudhury, A.K. & Pal, R. 2010. Phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of shallow coastal stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian coast. Aquatic Ecology 44(1): 55-71.
Collie, J.S.; Wood, A.D. & Jeffries, H.P. 2008. Long-term shifts in the species composition of a coastal fish community. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65(7): 1352-1365.
Danell-Jiménez, A.; Sanchez-Velasco, L.; Lavín, M.F. & Marinone, S.G. 2009. Three-dimensional distribution of larval fish assemblages across a surface thermal/chlorophyll front in a semi enclosed sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 85(3): 487-496.
Drinkwater, K.F. & Frank, K.T. 1994. Effects of river regulation and diversion on marine fish and invertebrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4(2): 135-151.Dube, S.K.; Jain, I.; Rao, A.D. & Murty, T.S. 2009. Storm surge modelling for the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Natural Hazards 51(1): 3-27.
Dutta, S.; Chakraborty, K. & Hazra, S. 2016a. The status of the marine fisheries of West Bengal coast of the northern Bay of Bengal and its management options: a review. In Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1(69): 1-8.
Dutta, S.; Chakraborty, K. & Hazra, S. 2017. Ecosystem structure and trophic dynamics of an exploited ecosystem of Bay of Bengal, Sundarban Estuary, India. Fisheries Science 83(2): 145-159.
Dutta, S.; Chanda, A.; Akhand, A. & Hazra, S. 2016b. Correlation of phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll-a) and nutrients with the catch per unit effort in the PFZ forecast areas of Northern Bay of Bengal during simultaneous validation of winter fishing season. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 16(4): 767-777.
Floeter, S.R.; Guimaraes, R.Z.; Rocha, L.A.; Ferreira, C.E.L.; Rangel, C.A. & Gasparini, J.L. 2001. Geographic variation in reef‐fish assemblages along the Brazilian coast. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10(4): 423-431.
Fodrie, F.; Heck, K.L.; Powers, S.P.; Graham, W.M. & Robinson, K.L. 2010. Climate‐related, decadal‐scale assemblage changes of seagrass‐associated fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Global Change Biology 16(1): 48-59.
Garcia, A.M.; Raseira, M.B.; Vieira, J.P.; Winemiller, K.O. & Grimm, A.M. 2003. Spatiotemporal variation in shallow-water freshwater fish distribution and abundance in a large subtropical coastal lagoon. Environmental Biology of Fishes 68(3): 215-228.
Gomes, H.R.; Goes, J.I. & Saino, T. 2000. Influence of physical processes and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the Bay of Bengal. Continental Shelf Research 20(3): 313-330.
Heip, C. 1974. A new index measuring evenness. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54: 555-557.
Hill, M.O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: A unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54: 427-432.
Hossain, M.S.; Das, N.G.; Sarker, S. & Rahaman, M.Z. 2012. Fish diversity and habitat relationship with environmental variables at Meghna river estuary, Bangladesh. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 38(3): 213-226.
Hsieh, H.Y.; Lo, W.T.; Wu, L.J.; Liu, D.C. & Su, W.C. 2011. Monsoon-driven succession of the larval fish assemblage in the East China Sea shelf waters off northern Taiwan. Journal of Oceanography 67(2): 159-172.
Hubert, W.A. & Fabrizio, M.C. 2007. Relative abundance and catch per unit effort. Analysis and Interpretation of Freshwater Fisheries Data. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland 279-325.
Immerzeel, W.W.; Pellicciotti, F. & Bierkens, M.F.P. 2013. Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds. Nature Geoscience 6(9): 742-745.
Islam, M.S. 2003. Perspectives of the coastal and marine fisheries of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management 46: 763-796.
James, N.C.; Whitfield, A.K. & Cowley. P.D. 2008. Long-term stability of the fish assemblages in a warm-temperate South African estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 76: 723–738.
Jin, X.; Shan, X.; Li, X.; Wang, J.; Cui, Y. & Zuo, T. 2013. Long-term changes in the fishery ecosystem structure of Laizhou Bay, China. Science China Earth Sciences 56(3): 366-374.
Koné, V.; Aumont, O.; Lévy, M. & Resplandy, L. 2009. Physical and biogeochemical controls of the phytoplankton seasonal cycle in the Indian Ocean: A modeling study. Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability 147-166.
Lanz, E.; López-Martínez, J.U.A.N.A.; Nevárez-Martínez, M.A.N.U.E.L. & Dworak, J.A. 2009. Small pelagic fish catches in the Gulf of California associated with sea surface temperature and chlorophyll. CalCOFI Reports 50: 134-146.
Lévy, M.; Shankar, D.; André, J.M.; Shenoi, S.S.C.; Durand, F. & de Boyer Montégut, C. 2007. Basin‐wide seasonal evolution of the Indian Ocean's phytoplankton blooms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 112(C12).
Madhupratap, M.; Gauns, M.; Ramaiah, N.; Kumar, S.P.; Muraleedharan, P.M.; De Sousa, S.N.; Sardessai, S. & Muraleedharan, U. 2003. Biogeochemistry of the Bay of Bengal: physical, chemical and primary productivity characteristics of the central and western Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon 2001. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 50(5): 881-896.
Mukherjee, S.; Chaudhuri, A.; Kundu, N.; Mitra, S. & Homechaudhuri, S. 2013. Comprehensive analysis of fish assemblages in relation to seasonal environmental variables in an estuarine river of Indian Sundarbans. Estuaries and Coasts 36(1): 192-202.
Paul, S.; Wooldridge, T. & Perissinotto, R. 2016. Evaluation of abiotic stresses of temperate estuaries by using resident zooplankton: A community vs. population approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 170: 102-111.
Pielou, E. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology 13: 131-144.
Piontkovski, S. & Al-Azri, A. 2010. Influence of a tropical cyclone Gonu on phytoplankton Biomass (chlorophyll A) in the Arabian Sea. In Indian Ocean tropical cyclones and climate change (pp. 339-347). Springer Netherlands.
Planque, B.; Loots, C.; Petitgas, P.; LindstrøM, U.L.F. & Vaz, S. 2011. Understanding what controls the spatial distribution of fish populations using a multi‐model approach. Fisheries Oceanography 20(1): 1-17.
PrasannaKumar, S.; Muraleedharan, P.M.; Prasad, T.G.; Gauns, M.; Ramaiah, N.; De Souza, S.N.; Sardesai, S. & Madhupratap, M. 2002. Why is the Bay of Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea? Geophysical Research Letters 29(24).
Rao, K.H.; Smitha, A. & Ali, M.M. 2006. A study on cyclone induced productivity in south-western Bay of Bengal during November-December 2000 using MODIS (SST and chlorophyll-a). Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 35(2): 153-160.
Sarangi, R.K. & Devi, K.N. 2017. Space-based observation of chlorophyll, sea surface temperature, nitrate, and sea surface height anomaly over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Advances in Space Research 59(1): 33-44.
Shetye, S.R.; Shenoi, S.S.C.; Gouveia, A.D.; Michael, G.S.; Sundar, D. & Nampoothiri, G. 1991. Wind-driven coastal upwelling along the western boundary of the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon. Continental Shelf Research 11(11): 1397-1408.
Ullah, M.H.; Rashed-Un-Nabi, M. & Al-Mamun, M.A. 2012. Trophic model of the coastal ecosystem of the Bay of Bengal using mass balance Ecopath model. Ecological Modelling 225: 82-94.
Unnikrishnan, A.S. & Shankar, D. 2007. Are sea-level-rise trends along the coasts of the north Indian Ocean consistent with global estimates? Global and Planetary Change 57(3): 301-307.
Vecchi, G.A. & Harrison, D.E. 2002. Monsoon breaks and subseasonal sea surface temperature variability in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Climate 15(12): 1485-1493.
Vinayachandran, P.N. & Mathew, S. 2003. Phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon and its intensification by cyclones. Geophysical Research Letters 30(11).
Vinayachandran, P.N.; McCreary, J.P.; Hood, R.R. & Kohler, K.E. 2005. A numerical investigation of the phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during Northeast Monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 110(C12).
Vorwerk, P.D.; Whitfield, A.K.; Cowley, P.D. & Paterson. A.W. 2003. The influence of selected environmental variables on fish assemblage structure in a range of southeast African estuaries. Environmental Biology of Fishes 66: 237-247.
Whitfield, A.K. 1996. Fishes and the environmental status of South African estuaries. Fisheries Management and Ecology 3(1): 45-57.
Wiggert, J.D.; Hood, R.R.; Banse, K. & Kindle, J.C. 2005. Monsoon-driven biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea. Progress in Oceanography 65(2): 176-213.
References
Ahammad, F. 2004. Catch Composition of Estuarine Set Bag Net (ESBN) in the Moheshkhali Channel of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. M.Sc. Thesis, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Akhand, A.; Chanda, A.; Dutta, S. & Hazra, S. 2012. Air–water carbon dioxide exchange dynamics along the outer estuarine transition zone of Sundarban, northern Bay of Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences 41(2): 111-116.
Banse, K. 1987. Seasonality of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the central and northern Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 34(5-6): 713-723.
BOBP. 1990. Marine Small-Scale Fisheries of West Bengal: An Introduction. BOBP/INF/1 1.
Bookhagen, B. & Burbank, D.W. 2010. Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge. Journal of Geophysical Research 115(F03019): 1-25.
Botsford, L.W.; Castilla, J.C. & Peterson, C.H. 1997. The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science 277(5325): 509-515.
Brammer, H. 2014. Bangladesh’s dynamic coastal regions and sea-level rise. Climate Risk Management 1: 51-62.
Burnham, K.P. & Anderson, D.R. 2004. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research 33(2): 261-304.
Burrows, M.T.; Schoeman, D.S.; Richardson, A.J.; Molinos, J.G.; Hoffmann, A.; Buckley, L.B. & Poloczanska, E.S. 2014. Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. Nature 507(7493): 492-495.
Castillo-Rivera, M.; Zavala-Hurtado, J.A. & Zárate. R. 2002. Exploration of spatial and temporal patterns of fish diversity and composition in a tropical estuarine system of Mexico. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12: 167-177.
Chauhan, O.S.; Rajawat, A.S.; Pradhan, Y.; Suneethi, J. & Nayak, S.R. 2005. Weekly observations on dispersal and sink pathways of the terrigenous flux of the Ganga–Brahmaputra in the Bay of Bengal during NE monsoon. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 52(14): 2018-2030.
Choudhury, A.K. & Pal, R. 2010. Phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of shallow coastal stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian coast. Aquatic Ecology 44(1): 55-71.
Collie, J.S.; Wood, A.D. & Jeffries, H.P. 2008. Long-term shifts in the species composition of a coastal fish community. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65(7): 1352-1365.
Danell-Jiménez, A.; Sanchez-Velasco, L.; Lavín, M.F. & Marinone, S.G. 2009. Three-dimensional distribution of larval fish assemblages across a surface thermal/chlorophyll front in a semi enclosed sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 85(3): 487-496.
Drinkwater, K.F. & Frank, K.T. 1994. Effects of river regulation and diversion on marine fish and invertebrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4(2): 135-151.Dube, S.K.; Jain, I.; Rao, A.D. & Murty, T.S. 2009. Storm surge modelling for the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Natural Hazards 51(1): 3-27.
Dutta, S.; Chakraborty, K. & Hazra, S. 2016a. The status of the marine fisheries of West Bengal coast of the northern Bay of Bengal and its management options: a review. In Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1(69): 1-8.
Dutta, S.; Chakraborty, K. & Hazra, S. 2017. Ecosystem structure and trophic dynamics of an exploited ecosystem of Bay of Bengal, Sundarban Estuary, India. Fisheries Science 83(2): 145-159.
Dutta, S.; Chanda, A.; Akhand, A. & Hazra, S. 2016b. Correlation of phytoplankton biomass (Chlorophyll-a) and nutrients with the catch per unit effort in the PFZ forecast areas of Northern Bay of Bengal during simultaneous validation of winter fishing season. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 16(4): 767-777.
Floeter, S.R.; Guimaraes, R.Z.; Rocha, L.A.; Ferreira, C.E.L.; Rangel, C.A. & Gasparini, J.L. 2001. Geographic variation in reef‐fish assemblages along the Brazilian coast. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10(4): 423-431.
Fodrie, F.; Heck, K.L.; Powers, S.P.; Graham, W.M. & Robinson, K.L. 2010. Climate‐related, decadal‐scale assemblage changes of seagrass‐associated fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Global Change Biology 16(1): 48-59.
Garcia, A.M.; Raseira, M.B.; Vieira, J.P.; Winemiller, K.O. & Grimm, A.M. 2003. Spatiotemporal variation in shallow-water freshwater fish distribution and abundance in a large subtropical coastal lagoon. Environmental Biology of Fishes 68(3): 215-228.
Gomes, H.R.; Goes, J.I. & Saino, T. 2000. Influence of physical processes and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the Bay of Bengal. Continental Shelf Research 20(3): 313-330.
Heip, C. 1974. A new index measuring evenness. Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54: 555-557.
Hill, M.O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: A unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54: 427-432.
Hossain, M.S.; Das, N.G.; Sarker, S. & Rahaman, M.Z. 2012. Fish diversity and habitat relationship with environmental variables at Meghna river estuary, Bangladesh. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research 38(3): 213-226.
Hsieh, H.Y.; Lo, W.T.; Wu, L.J.; Liu, D.C. & Su, W.C. 2011. Monsoon-driven succession of the larval fish assemblage in the East China Sea shelf waters off northern Taiwan. Journal of Oceanography 67(2): 159-172.
Hubert, W.A. & Fabrizio, M.C. 2007. Relative abundance and catch per unit effort. Analysis and Interpretation of Freshwater Fisheries Data. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland 279-325.
Immerzeel, W.W.; Pellicciotti, F. & Bierkens, M.F.P. 2013. Rising river flows throughout the twenty-first century in two Himalayan glacierized watersheds. Nature Geoscience 6(9): 742-745.
Islam, M.S. 2003. Perspectives of the coastal and marine fisheries of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Ocean & Coastal Management 46: 763-796.
James, N.C.; Whitfield, A.K. & Cowley. P.D. 2008. Long-term stability of the fish assemblages in a warm-temperate South African estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 76: 723–738.
Jin, X.; Shan, X.; Li, X.; Wang, J.; Cui, Y. & Zuo, T. 2013. Long-term changes in the fishery ecosystem structure of Laizhou Bay, China. Science China Earth Sciences 56(3): 366-374.
Koné, V.; Aumont, O.; Lévy, M. & Resplandy, L. 2009. Physical and biogeochemical controls of the phytoplankton seasonal cycle in the Indian Ocean: A modeling study. Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability 147-166.
Lanz, E.; López-Martínez, J.U.A.N.A.; Nevárez-Martínez, M.A.N.U.E.L. & Dworak, J.A. 2009. Small pelagic fish catches in the Gulf of California associated with sea surface temperature and chlorophyll. CalCOFI Reports 50: 134-146.
Lévy, M.; Shankar, D.; André, J.M.; Shenoi, S.S.C.; Durand, F. & de Boyer Montégut, C. 2007. Basin‐wide seasonal evolution of the Indian Ocean's phytoplankton blooms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 112(C12).
Madhupratap, M.; Gauns, M.; Ramaiah, N.; Kumar, S.P.; Muraleedharan, P.M.; De Sousa, S.N.; Sardessai, S. & Muraleedharan, U. 2003. Biogeochemistry of the Bay of Bengal: physical, chemical and primary productivity characteristics of the central and western Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon 2001. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 50(5): 881-896.
Mukherjee, S.; Chaudhuri, A.; Kundu, N.; Mitra, S. & Homechaudhuri, S. 2013. Comprehensive analysis of fish assemblages in relation to seasonal environmental variables in an estuarine river of Indian Sundarbans. Estuaries and Coasts 36(1): 192-202.
Paul, S.; Wooldridge, T. & Perissinotto, R. 2016. Evaluation of abiotic stresses of temperate estuaries by using resident zooplankton: A community vs. population approach. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 170: 102-111.
Pielou, E. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. Journal of Theoretical Biology 13: 131-144.
Piontkovski, S. & Al-Azri, A. 2010. Influence of a tropical cyclone Gonu on phytoplankton Biomass (chlorophyll A) in the Arabian Sea. In Indian Ocean tropical cyclones and climate change (pp. 339-347). Springer Netherlands.
Planque, B.; Loots, C.; Petitgas, P.; LindstrøM, U.L.F. & Vaz, S. 2011. Understanding what controls the spatial distribution of fish populations using a multi‐model approach. Fisheries Oceanography 20(1): 1-17.
PrasannaKumar, S.; Muraleedharan, P.M.; Prasad, T.G.; Gauns, M.; Ramaiah, N.; De Souza, S.N.; Sardesai, S. & Madhupratap, M. 2002. Why is the Bay of Bengal less productive during summer monsoon compared to the Arabian Sea? Geophysical Research Letters 29(24).
Rao, K.H.; Smitha, A. & Ali, M.M. 2006. A study on cyclone induced productivity in south-western Bay of Bengal during November-December 2000 using MODIS (SST and chlorophyll-a). Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 35(2): 153-160.
Sarangi, R.K. & Devi, K.N. 2017. Space-based observation of chlorophyll, sea surface temperature, nitrate, and sea surface height anomaly over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Advances in Space Research 59(1): 33-44.
Shetye, S.R.; Shenoi, S.S.C.; Gouveia, A.D.; Michael, G.S.; Sundar, D. & Nampoothiri, G. 1991. Wind-driven coastal upwelling along the western boundary of the Bay of Bengal during the southwest monsoon. Continental Shelf Research 11(11): 1397-1408.
Ullah, M.H.; Rashed-Un-Nabi, M. & Al-Mamun, M.A. 2012. Trophic model of the coastal ecosystem of the Bay of Bengal using mass balance Ecopath model. Ecological Modelling 225: 82-94.
Unnikrishnan, A.S. & Shankar, D. 2007. Are sea-level-rise trends along the coasts of the north Indian Ocean consistent with global estimates? Global and Planetary Change 57(3): 301-307.
Vecchi, G.A. & Harrison, D.E. 2002. Monsoon breaks and subseasonal sea surface temperature variability in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Climate 15(12): 1485-1493.
Vinayachandran, P.N. & Mathew, S. 2003. Phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon and its intensification by cyclones. Geophysical Research Letters 30(11).
Vinayachandran, P.N.; McCreary, J.P.; Hood, R.R. & Kohler, K.E. 2005. A numerical investigation of the phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during Northeast Monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 110(C12).
Vorwerk, P.D.; Whitfield, A.K.; Cowley, P.D. & Paterson. A.W. 2003. The influence of selected environmental variables on fish assemblage structure in a range of southeast African estuaries. Environmental Biology of Fishes 66: 237-247.
Whitfield, A.K. 1996. Fishes and the environmental status of South African estuaries. Fisheries Management and Ecology 3(1): 45-57.
Wiggert, J.D.; Hood, R.R.; Banse, K. & Kindle, J.C. 2005. Monsoon-driven biogeochemical processes in the Arabian Sea. Progress in Oceanography 65(2): 176-213.
Akhand, A.; Chanda, A.; Dutta, S. & Hazra, S. 2012. Air–water carbon dioxide exchange dynamics along the outer estuarine transition zone of Sundarban, northern Bay of Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences 41(2): 111-116.
Banse, K. 1987. Seasonality of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the central and northern Arabian Sea. Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers 34(5-6): 713-723.
BOBP. 1990. Marine Small-Scale Fisheries of West Bengal: An Introduction. BOBP/INF/1 1.
Bookhagen, B. & Burbank, D.W. 2010. Toward a complete Himalayan hydrological budget: Spatiotemporal distribution of snowmelt and rainfall and their impact on river discharge. Journal of Geophysical Research 115(F03019): 1-25.
Botsford, L.W.; Castilla, J.C. & Peterson, C.H. 1997. The management of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Science 277(5325): 509-515.
Brammer, H. 2014. Bangladesh’s dynamic coastal regions and sea-level rise. Climate Risk Management 1: 51-62.
Burnham, K.P. & Anderson, D.R. 2004. Multimodel inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociological Methods & Research 33(2): 261-304.
Burrows, M.T.; Schoeman, D.S.; Richardson, A.J.; Molinos, J.G.; Hoffmann, A.; Buckley, L.B. & Poloczanska, E.S. 2014. Geographical limits to species-range shifts are suggested by climate velocity. Nature 507(7493): 492-495.
Castillo-Rivera, M.; Zavala-Hurtado, J.A. & Zárate. R. 2002. Exploration of spatial and temporal patterns of fish diversity and composition in a tropical estuarine system of Mexico. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 12: 167-177.
Chauhan, O.S.; Rajawat, A.S.; Pradhan, Y.; Suneethi, J. & Nayak, S.R. 2005. Weekly observations on dispersal and sink pathways of the terrigenous flux of the Ganga–Brahmaputra in the Bay of Bengal during NE monsoon. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 52(14): 2018-2030.
Choudhury, A.K. & Pal, R. 2010. Phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics of shallow coastal stations at Bay of Bengal, Eastern Indian coast. Aquatic Ecology 44(1): 55-71.
Collie, J.S.; Wood, A.D. & Jeffries, H.P. 2008. Long-term shifts in the species composition of a coastal fish community. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 65(7): 1352-1365.
Danell-Jiménez, A.; Sanchez-Velasco, L.; Lavín, M.F. & Marinone, S.G. 2009. Three-dimensional distribution of larval fish assemblages across a surface thermal/chlorophyll front in a semi enclosed sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 85(3): 487-496.
Drinkwater, K.F. & Frank, K.T. 1994. Effects of river regulation and diversion on marine fish and invertebrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4(2): 135-151.Dube, S.K.; Jain, I.; Rao, A.D. & Murty, T.S. 2009. Storm surge modelling for the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Natural Hazards 51(1): 3-27.
Dutta, S.; Chakraborty, K. & Hazra, S. 2016a. The status of the marine fisheries of West Bengal coast of the northern Bay of Bengal and its management options: a review. In Proceedings of the Zoological Society 1(69): 1-8.
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