Main Article Content
Abstract
Fresh, raw vegetables are a source of parasitic infections. This study aimed to investigate the vegetables that are most susceptible to parasitic infections, and the parasites are the most prevalent. A total of 300 samples of six raw vegetables were washed using physiological saline solution (0.9%) to remove parasites. The vegetables were leek, basil, radish, cucumbers, celery, and carrots. The overall contamination rate was 82.33% rate and this rate was 100, 96, 86, 76, 75, 40% for basil, leek, carrot, celery, radish, and cucumber, respectively. The twenty parasites were identified in the examined vegetables that radish had all parasites. Leek, celery, and basil showed a high infection rate in most types of parasites, while cucumber and carrot showed little infection. The most detected parasites were Strongyloides stercoralis (100), and the least one Hymenolepis nana, Balantidium coli, and Diphyllopotherium latum with infection rates of 8, 7, and 2, respectively.
Keywords
Parasitic contamination
Vegetable
Worm
Protozoan
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
KHAIRI, S. B., SHAKIR, N. N., & ABED, M. T. (2022). A study of the parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables in Wasit Province, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 170–175. Retrieved from http://www.ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/796
References
-
Abdul-Wahab, A.; Fahd, M.; Bakeel, A.R. & Rassam, T. 2016. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in fresh leafy vegetables in some farms at Dhamar city, Yemen. International Journal of Medicine Research 07-13.
Alade, G.O.; Alade, T.O. & Adewuyi, I.K. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables sold in Ilorin. Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 13(9): 1275-1282.
Alemu, G.; Nega, M. & Alemu, M. 2020. Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of Bahir Dar City, northwest Ethiopia. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 11: 17.
Ali, E.B.; Nabila, M.H.; Zeinab, A.; Hayder, H. & Raed, A. 2020. Intestinal parasite detection in assorted vegetables in the United Arab Emirates. Oman Medical Journal 35: 128.
Al-Mozan, H.D.K. & Dakhil, K.M. 2019. Prevalence of Parasites in Fresh Vegetables from Two Regions of Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13(2): 1103-1110.
Bahman, R.E.; Mehdi, S.; Ahmad, D.; Fatemeh, H.; Abdol, S.P.; Masoumeh, R. & Mohtaram, N. 2017. Parasitic Contamination in Commonly- Consumed Vegetables in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion 2(2): 89- 95
Bekele, F.; Tefera, T.; Biresaw, G. & Yohannes, T. 2017. Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from selected local markets in Arab Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6(1): 19.
Dankwa, K.; Siaw, D.; Obboh E.; Singh, B. & Nuvor, S. 2018. Parasitic profile of fresh vegetables sold in selected markets of the Cape Coast
Duedu, K.O.; Yarnie, E.A.; Tetteh-Quarcoo, P.B.; Attah, S.K.; Donkor, E.S. & Ayeh-Kumi, P.F. 2014. A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra, Ghana. BMC Research Notes (7): 836.
Fletcher, S.M.; Stark, D.; Harkness, J. & Ellis, J. 2012. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 25(3): 420-449.
Garcia, L.S. 1993. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of fecal specimens. In Diagnostic medical parasitology. 5th ed. Washington, DC ASM Press. 501-535.
Hong, S.; Kim, K.; Yoon, S.; Park, W.Y.; Sim, S. & Yu, J.R. 2014. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental soil and vegetables. Journal of Korean Medical Science 29(10): 1367-1371.
Izadi, S.; Abedi, S.; Ahmadian, S. & Mahmoodi, M. 2006. Study of the current parasitic contamination of the edible vegetables in Isfahan in order to identify preventive measures. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 11(2): 51-58.
Julian, T.R. 2016. Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle-income countries. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts 18(8): 944-955.
Kudah, C.; Sovoe, S. & Baiden, F. 2018. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables in two markets in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal 52(2): 88-93.
Luz, J.G.G.; Barbosa, M.V.; Carvalho, A.G.D.; Resende, S.D.; Dias, J.V.L. & Martins, H.R. 2017. Contamination by intestinal parasites in vegetables marketed in an area of Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista de Nutrição 30: 127-136.
Metropolis in Ghana. Annual Research & Review in Biology 8(6): 1-7.
Mohamed, M.A.; Siddig, E.E.; Elaagip, A.H.; Edris, A.M.M. & Nasr, A.A. 2016. Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 15(1): 1-7.
Okpala, O.H.; Uzairue, L.I.; Akhile, A.; Aghatise, K. & Digban, K. 2016. Determination of Human Parasitic Infestation on Fruits and Vegetables Sold in Ekpoma Markets, Edo State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8(3): 10-14.
Okyay, P.; Ertug, S.; Gultekin, B.; Onen, O. & Beser, E. 2004. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample-Turkey. BMC Public Health 4(1): 1-6.
Omowaye, O.S. & Audu, P.A. 2012. Parasites contamination and distribution on fruits and vegetables in Kogi, Nigeria. Cibtech Journal of Bio-Protocols 1(1): 44-47.
Punsawad, C.; Phasuk, N.; Thongtup, K.; Nagavirochana, S. & Viriyavejakul, P. 2019. Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. BMC Public Health 19(1): 1-7.
Rahmati, K.; Fallah, M.; Maghsood, A.H.; Shamsi-Ehsan, T. & Matini, M. 2017. The Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables Consumed in Malayer City, West of Iran, in 2014. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4(2): 42380.
Robertson, L.J.; Troell, K.; Woolsey, I.D. & Kapel, C.M. 2016. Fresh fruit vegetables and mushrooms as transmission vehicles for Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe inferences and concerns from sample analysis data from Poland. Parasitology Research 115(6): 2485-2488.
Ryan, U.; Hijjawi, N. & Xiao, L. 2018. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. International Journal for Parasitology 48: 1-12.
Ryan, U.; Paparini, A. & Oskam, C. 2017. New technologies for detection of enteric parasites. Trends Parasitology 33: 532-546.
Samia, E.E.; Sara, A.A.; Ghada, M.F.; Dalia, A.A. & Mohamed, H.S. 2017. Parasitic Contamination of Commonly Consumed Fresh Vegetables and Fruits in Some Rural Areas of Sharkyia Governorate, Egypt, Afro-Egypt. Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases 7(4): 192-202
Tomass, Z. & Kidane, D. 2012. Parasitological contamination of waste water irrigated and raw manure fertilized Vegetables in Mekelle city and its suburb, Tigray, Ethiopia Momona. Ethiopian Journal of Science 4(1): 77-89.
Tram, N.T. & Dalsgaard, A. 2014. Water used to moisten vegetables is a source of Escherichia coli and protozoan parasite contamination at markets in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Water Health. 12(4): 896-900.
Wegayehu, T.; Tsalla, T.; Seifu, B. & Teklu, T. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among highland and lowland dwellers in Gamo area, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health (13): 151.
References
Abdul-Wahab, A.; Fahd, M.; Bakeel, A.R. & Rassam, T. 2016. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in fresh leafy vegetables in some farms at Dhamar city, Yemen. International Journal of Medicine Research 07-13.
Alade, G.O.; Alade, T.O. & Adewuyi, I.K. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables sold in Ilorin. Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 13(9): 1275-1282.
Alemu, G.; Nega, M. & Alemu, M. 2020. Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of Bahir Dar City, northwest Ethiopia. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 11: 17.
Ali, E.B.; Nabila, M.H.; Zeinab, A.; Hayder, H. & Raed, A. 2020. Intestinal parasite detection in assorted vegetables in the United Arab Emirates. Oman Medical Journal 35: 128.
Al-Mozan, H.D.K. & Dakhil, K.M. 2019. Prevalence of Parasites in Fresh Vegetables from Two Regions of Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13(2): 1103-1110.
Bahman, R.E.; Mehdi, S.; Ahmad, D.; Fatemeh, H.; Abdol, S.P.; Masoumeh, R. & Mohtaram, N. 2017. Parasitic Contamination in Commonly- Consumed Vegetables in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion 2(2): 89- 95
Bekele, F.; Tefera, T.; Biresaw, G. & Yohannes, T. 2017. Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from selected local markets in Arab Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6(1): 19.
Dankwa, K.; Siaw, D.; Obboh E.; Singh, B. & Nuvor, S. 2018. Parasitic profile of fresh vegetables sold in selected markets of the Cape Coast
Duedu, K.O.; Yarnie, E.A.; Tetteh-Quarcoo, P.B.; Attah, S.K.; Donkor, E.S. & Ayeh-Kumi, P.F. 2014. A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra, Ghana. BMC Research Notes (7): 836.
Fletcher, S.M.; Stark, D.; Harkness, J. & Ellis, J. 2012. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 25(3): 420-449.
Garcia, L.S. 1993. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of fecal specimens. In Diagnostic medical parasitology. 5th ed. Washington, DC ASM Press. 501-535.
Hong, S.; Kim, K.; Yoon, S.; Park, W.Y.; Sim, S. & Yu, J.R. 2014. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental soil and vegetables. Journal of Korean Medical Science 29(10): 1367-1371.
Izadi, S.; Abedi, S.; Ahmadian, S. & Mahmoodi, M. 2006. Study of the current parasitic contamination of the edible vegetables in Isfahan in order to identify preventive measures. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 11(2): 51-58.
Julian, T.R. 2016. Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle-income countries. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts 18(8): 944-955.
Kudah, C.; Sovoe, S. & Baiden, F. 2018. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables in two markets in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal 52(2): 88-93.
Luz, J.G.G.; Barbosa, M.V.; Carvalho, A.G.D.; Resende, S.D.; Dias, J.V.L. & Martins, H.R. 2017. Contamination by intestinal parasites in vegetables marketed in an area of Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista de Nutrição 30: 127-136.
Metropolis in Ghana. Annual Research & Review in Biology 8(6): 1-7.
Mohamed, M.A.; Siddig, E.E.; Elaagip, A.H.; Edris, A.M.M. & Nasr, A.A. 2016. Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 15(1): 1-7.
Okpala, O.H.; Uzairue, L.I.; Akhile, A.; Aghatise, K. & Digban, K. 2016. Determination of Human Parasitic Infestation on Fruits and Vegetables Sold in Ekpoma Markets, Edo State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8(3): 10-14.
Okyay, P.; Ertug, S.; Gultekin, B.; Onen, O. & Beser, E. 2004. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample-Turkey. BMC Public Health 4(1): 1-6.
Omowaye, O.S. & Audu, P.A. 2012. Parasites contamination and distribution on fruits and vegetables in Kogi, Nigeria. Cibtech Journal of Bio-Protocols 1(1): 44-47.
Punsawad, C.; Phasuk, N.; Thongtup, K.; Nagavirochana, S. & Viriyavejakul, P. 2019. Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. BMC Public Health 19(1): 1-7.
Rahmati, K.; Fallah, M.; Maghsood, A.H.; Shamsi-Ehsan, T. & Matini, M. 2017. The Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables Consumed in Malayer City, West of Iran, in 2014. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4(2): 42380.
Robertson, L.J.; Troell, K.; Woolsey, I.D. & Kapel, C.M. 2016. Fresh fruit vegetables and mushrooms as transmission vehicles for Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe inferences and concerns from sample analysis data from Poland. Parasitology Research 115(6): 2485-2488.
Ryan, U.; Hijjawi, N. & Xiao, L. 2018. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. International Journal for Parasitology 48: 1-12.
Ryan, U.; Paparini, A. & Oskam, C. 2017. New technologies for detection of enteric parasites. Trends Parasitology 33: 532-546.
Samia, E.E.; Sara, A.A.; Ghada, M.F.; Dalia, A.A. & Mohamed, H.S. 2017. Parasitic Contamination of Commonly Consumed Fresh Vegetables and Fruits in Some Rural Areas of Sharkyia Governorate, Egypt, Afro-Egypt. Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases 7(4): 192-202
Tomass, Z. & Kidane, D. 2012. Parasitological contamination of waste water irrigated and raw manure fertilized Vegetables in Mekelle city and its suburb, Tigray, Ethiopia Momona. Ethiopian Journal of Science 4(1): 77-89.
Tram, N.T. & Dalsgaard, A. 2014. Water used to moisten vegetables is a source of Escherichia coli and protozoan parasite contamination at markets in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Water Health. 12(4): 896-900.
Wegayehu, T.; Tsalla, T.; Seifu, B. & Teklu, T. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among highland and lowland dwellers in Gamo area, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health (13): 151.
Alade, G.O.; Alade, T.O. & Adewuyi, I.K. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in vegetables sold in Ilorin. Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 13(9): 1275-1282.
Alemu, G.; Nega, M. & Alemu, M. 2020. Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from local markets of Bahir Dar City, northwest Ethiopia. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 11: 17.
Ali, E.B.; Nabila, M.H.; Zeinab, A.; Hayder, H. & Raed, A. 2020. Intestinal parasite detection in assorted vegetables in the United Arab Emirates. Oman Medical Journal 35: 128.
Al-Mozan, H.D.K. & Dakhil, K.M. 2019. Prevalence of Parasites in Fresh Vegetables from Two Regions of Thi-Qar Province, Iraq. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13(2): 1103-1110.
Bahman, R.E.; Mehdi, S.; Ahmad, D.; Fatemeh, H.; Abdol, S.P.; Masoumeh, R. & Mohtaram, N. 2017. Parasitic Contamination in Commonly- Consumed Vegetables in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion 2(2): 89- 95
Bekele, F.; Tefera, T.; Biresaw, G. & Yohannes, T. 2017. Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables and fruits collected from selected local markets in Arab Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 6(1): 19.
Dankwa, K.; Siaw, D.; Obboh E.; Singh, B. & Nuvor, S. 2018. Parasitic profile of fresh vegetables sold in selected markets of the Cape Coast
Duedu, K.O.; Yarnie, E.A.; Tetteh-Quarcoo, P.B.; Attah, S.K.; Donkor, E.S. & Ayeh-Kumi, P.F. 2014. A comparative survey of the prevalence of human parasites found in fresh vegetables sold in supermarkets and open-aired markets in Accra, Ghana. BMC Research Notes (7): 836.
Fletcher, S.M.; Stark, D.; Harkness, J. & Ellis, J. 2012. Enteric protozoa in the developed world: a public health perspective. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 25(3): 420-449.
Garcia, L.S. 1993. Macroscopic and microscopic examination of fecal specimens. In Diagnostic medical parasitology. 5th ed. Washington, DC ASM Press. 501-535.
Hong, S.; Kim, K.; Yoon, S.; Park, W.Y.; Sim, S. & Yu, J.R. 2014. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental soil and vegetables. Journal of Korean Medical Science 29(10): 1367-1371.
Izadi, S.; Abedi, S.; Ahmadian, S. & Mahmoodi, M. 2006. Study of the current parasitic contamination of the edible vegetables in Isfahan in order to identify preventive measures. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences 11(2): 51-58.
Julian, T.R. 2016. Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle-income countries. Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts 18(8): 944-955.
Kudah, C.; Sovoe, S. & Baiden, F. 2018. Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables in two markets in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal 52(2): 88-93.
Luz, J.G.G.; Barbosa, M.V.; Carvalho, A.G.D.; Resende, S.D.; Dias, J.V.L. & Martins, H.R. 2017. Contamination by intestinal parasites in vegetables marketed in an area of Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista de Nutrição 30: 127-136.
Metropolis in Ghana. Annual Research & Review in Biology 8(6): 1-7.
Mohamed, M.A.; Siddig, E.E.; Elaagip, A.H.; Edris, A.M.M. & Nasr, A.A. 2016. Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold at central markets in Khartoum state, Sudan. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 15(1): 1-7.
Okpala, O.H.; Uzairue, L.I.; Akhile, A.; Aghatise, K. & Digban, K. 2016. Determination of Human Parasitic Infestation on Fruits and Vegetables Sold in Ekpoma Markets, Edo State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8(3): 10-14.
Okyay, P.; Ertug, S.; Gultekin, B.; Onen, O. & Beser, E. 2004. Intestinal parasites prevalence and related factors in school children, a western city sample-Turkey. BMC Public Health 4(1): 1-6.
Omowaye, O.S. & Audu, P.A. 2012. Parasites contamination and distribution on fruits and vegetables in Kogi, Nigeria. Cibtech Journal of Bio-Protocols 1(1): 44-47.
Punsawad, C.; Phasuk, N.; Thongtup, K.; Nagavirochana, S. & Viriyavejakul, P. 2019. Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. BMC Public Health 19(1): 1-7.
Rahmati, K.; Fallah, M.; Maghsood, A.H.; Shamsi-Ehsan, T. & Matini, M. 2017. The Prevalence of Parasitic Contamination of Vegetables Consumed in Malayer City, West of Iran, in 2014. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 4(2): 42380.
Robertson, L.J.; Troell, K.; Woolsey, I.D. & Kapel, C.M. 2016. Fresh fruit vegetables and mushrooms as transmission vehicles for Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe inferences and concerns from sample analysis data from Poland. Parasitology Research 115(6): 2485-2488.
Ryan, U.; Hijjawi, N. & Xiao, L. 2018. Foodborne cryptosporidiosis. International Journal for Parasitology 48: 1-12.
Ryan, U.; Paparini, A. & Oskam, C. 2017. New technologies for detection of enteric parasites. Trends Parasitology 33: 532-546.
Samia, E.E.; Sara, A.A.; Ghada, M.F.; Dalia, A.A. & Mohamed, H.S. 2017. Parasitic Contamination of Commonly Consumed Fresh Vegetables and Fruits in Some Rural Areas of Sharkyia Governorate, Egypt, Afro-Egypt. Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases 7(4): 192-202
Tomass, Z. & Kidane, D. 2012. Parasitological contamination of waste water irrigated and raw manure fertilized Vegetables in Mekelle city and its suburb, Tigray, Ethiopia Momona. Ethiopian Journal of Science 4(1): 77-89.
Tram, N.T. & Dalsgaard, A. 2014. Water used to moisten vegetables is a source of Escherichia coli and protozoan parasite contamination at markets in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of Water Health. 12(4): 896-900.
Wegayehu, T.; Tsalla, T.; Seifu, B. & Teklu, T. 2013. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among highland and lowland dwellers in Gamo area, South Ethiopia. BMC Public Health (13): 151.