Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to review the results of the introduction of tilapia and its impacts and consequences on the biodiversity of inland freshwaters of Iran as a baseline to help ecologists and aquaculturists for making a proper decision in this regard. Up to now, four invasive tilapia species viz. Coptodon zillii, O. niloticus, O. aureus, and Amatitlania nigrofasciata have been reported from Iranian inland waters. Introducing tilapia species to the inland waters of Iran will have many severe impacts e.g. it will be possible to hybridize with endemic cichlid species such as Iranocichla hormuzensis and I. persa. The Iranian Fisheries Organization is executor and supervisor of aquaculture programs. It has implemented the development of tilapia farming regardless of the situation of the inland waters of Iran. Unlike many countries, Iran is an arid and semi-arid country with highly sensitive and fragile aquatic ecosystems which have more than 100 endemic species. Any change in the status of these aquatic ecosystems severely threatens their biodiversity. It is almost impossible to remove invasive tilapia species from Iranian inland waters in the current situation. Hence, the only possible solution in the current situation is to adopt an integrated approach to the management of aquatic ecosystems and close the pathways for the further spread of invasive species. This can be done through continuous and comprehensive cooperation between responsible organizations such as the Iranian Fisheries Organization, the Environmental Protection Agency, NGOs and local people.
Keywords
Tilapia, Invasive species, Hybridization, Ecological niche overlap, Fish biodiversity.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
RADKHAH, A. R., & EAGDERI, S. (2022). Ecological consequences of tilapia species on fish biodiversity of Iran and challenges arising from their introduction. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8(4), 342–350. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i4.776
References
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CABI. 2021. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Tilapia species including Tilapia zillii, Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis aureus. https://www.cabi.org. (Accessed 10 December 2021).
Champneys, T.; Genner, M.J. & Ioannou, C.C. 2021. Invasive Nile tilapia dominates a threatened indigenous tilapia in competition over shelter. Hydrobiologia 848: 3747-3762.
Coad, B.W. 2021. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. http://www.briancoad.com. (Accessed 12 December 2021).
Devlin, R.H.; Sundstrom, L.F. & Leggatt, R.A. 2015. Assessing Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Growth-Accelerated Genetically Engineered Fishes. BioScience 65(7): 685-700.
Dunz, A.R. & Schliewen, U.K. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as Tilapia. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 68(1): 64-80.
Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fong, J.D. 2018. Species by Family/Subfamily. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org. (Accessed 25 December 2018).
Esmaeili, H.R.; Piravar, Z. & Sadat Ebrahimi, M. 2006. Karyological Analysis of Iranian Cichlid Fish, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 (Perciformes, Cichlidae) from Southern Iran. Journal of Applied Animal Research 30(1): 77-79.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Teimori, A.; Owfi, F.; Abbasi, K. & Coad, B.W. 2014. Alien and invasive freshwater fish species in Iran: Diversity, environmental impacts and management. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 61-72.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Teimori, A.; Feridon, O.; Abbasi, K. & Coad, B.C. 2015. Alien and invasive freshwater fish species in Iran: Diversity, environmental impacts and management. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 61-72.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. 2018. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa 3(3): 1-95.
FAO. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. https://www.fao.org. (Accessed 23 December 2020).
Fujimura, K. & Kocher, T.D. 2011. Tol2-mediated transgenesis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 319(3-4): 342-346.
Gu, D.E.; Yu, F.D.; Xu, M.; Wei, H.; Mu, X.D.; Luo, D.; Yang, Y.X.; Pan, Z. & Hu, Y.C. 2018. Temperature effects on the distribution of two invasive tilapia species (Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus) in the rivers of South China. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 33(1): 511-524.
Herawati, T.; Saputra, R.N.; Lili, W.; Suryadi, I.B.B.; Kurniawati, N.; Hedianto, D.A. & Herawati, H. 2020. The Food Habits, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap of Fish Community in Jatigede Reservoir, West Java. Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Detroit, Michigan, USA, August 10-14, 2020, pp. 2558-2568.
Ibrahim, A.; Hassan, D.; Kelany, N.; Kotb, S. & Soliman, M. 2020. Validation of Three Different Sterilization Methods of Tilapia Skin Dressing: Impact on Microbiological Enumeration and Collagen Content. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7: 597751-597751.
IPM. 2021. IPM Images: The Source for Agriculture and Pest Management. https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5431078. (Accessed 14 December 2021).
Islamic Parliament Research Center. 2021. Regulation on Protection, Rehabilitation and Management of Wetlands. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/1021128. (Accessed 15 December 2021).
Khaefi, R.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Zareian, H. & Babaei, S. 2014. The first record of the redbelly tilapia, Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848), in freshwaters of Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology 38(1):96-98. Khairul-Adha, R.; Yuzine, E. & Aziz, A. 2013. The influence of alien fish species on native fish community structure in Malaysian waters. Kuroshio Science 7: 81-93.
Linde, A.R.; Izquierdo, J.I.; Moreira, J.C. & Garcia-Vazquez, E. 2008. Invasive tilapia juveniles are associated with degraded river habitats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 891-895.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 2000. The roles of tilapias in ecosystems. In Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation, Fish and Fisheries Series, vol 25, ed. Beveridge M.C.M. & McAndrew B.J. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 129-162.
Martin, C.W.; Valentine, M.M. & Valentine, J.F. 2010. Competitive interactions between invasive Nile Tilapia and native fish: The potential for altered trophic exchange and modification of food webs. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14395.
Mexican-Fish. 2021. Mexico-Fish, Birds, Crabs, Marine Life, Shells and Terrestrial Life. https://mexican-fish.com. (Accessed 15 December 2021).
Moghaddas, S.D.; Abdoli, A.; Hassanzade Kiabi, B. & Rahmani, H. 2020. Risk assessment of the potential invasiveness of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) in Anzali Wetland using AS-ISK Model. Environmental Sciences 18(2): 255-270.
Moreau, J. 1983. A review of introductions of tilapia in open waters of Africa, their influence on ecology and fisheries. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Nazareth, Iraq. pp. 77-85.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Eagderi, S. 2016. First record of the convict cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867) (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Namak Lake basin, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(1): 25-30.
Nivelle, R.; Gennotte, V.; Kalala, E.J.K.; Ngoc, N.B.; Muller M.; Mélard, C. & Rougeot, C. 2019. Correction: Temperature preference of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles induces spontaneous sex reversal. PLOS ONE 14(3): e0214689.
Norman-López, A. & Bjørndal, T. 2010. Markets for Tilapia. Global Research Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization. 44 p.
Radkhah, AR. & Eagderi, S. 2020. A review on the taxonomic status and biological characteristics of the genus Carassius (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Iranian inland waters. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics 7(4): 1-10.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi, S.; Poorbagher, H. & Shams, Y. 2020. Investigation of fish fauna and environmental factors influencing biodiversity in the Zarineh River, Urmia Lake basin (West Azerbaijan Province). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 29(1): 81-91.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi, S. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2016. First record of the exotic species Hemiculter leucisculus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in southern Iran. Limnetica 35(1): 175-178.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi. S. & Poorbagher, H. 2021. A review of the effects of ecological niche overlap between Gambusia holbrooki and other fish species. 1st Fars Biodiversity Conference, March 2021, Shiraz University, Iran. pp. 137-147.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi, S.; Poorbaqer, H. & Hosseini, S.V. 2018. A review of the distribution of non-native species of Pseudorasbora parva in inland waters of Iran and its ecological effects. 1st Conference on the Conservation of Endangered Fish Ecosystems in Iran. Department of Fisheries, University of Tehran and Iranian Ichthyology Association, December 19, 2018, Karaj, 11 p.
Rafiee, G.R.; Jouladeh, A. & Eagderi, S. 2017. Review on the Iranian members of the Family Cichlidae (Actinopterygii) with first record of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Fisheries (Iranian Journal of Natural of Resources), 70(1): 1-10.
Rahmati, M.; Salehi, H.; Iran, A.; Bitaraf, A.; Mohammadi, M.; Kiapasha, S.; Sarsangi, H.; Matinfar, A.; Moradi, Y. & Rajabipor, F. 2012. Study on economic aspects of tilapia culture in Iran. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute. 59 p.
Rana, K. 1988. Reproductive Biology and the Hatchery Rearing of Tilapia Eggs and Fry. In: Muir J.F., Roberts R.J. (Eds.,) Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 343-406. Shabanloo, H. 2020. An overview of the environmental impacts of the introduction and farming tilapia in different countries. 6th International Conference on Agricultural and Environment Engineering with Sustainable Development Approach, 6 p.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2021. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service for conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats. https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/uncertainrisk/ERSS-Oreochromis-urolepis-FINAL-June 2019.pdf. (Accessed 14 December 2021).
USGS. 2021. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) Program Active. United States Geological Survey. Gainesville, Florida. https://nas.er.usgs.gov. (Accessed 27 December 2021).
Valikhani, H.; Abdoli, A.; Kiabi, B.H. & Nejat, F. 2016. First record and distribution of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in inland waters of Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(1): 19-24.
Valikhani, H.; Abdoli, A.; Kiabi, B.H.; Nejat, F.; Sadeghsaba, M. & Khosravi, M. 2018. A study on the status of invasive tilapia species (Coptodon zillii Gervais, 1848 and Oreochromis aureus Steindachner, 1864) in the aquatic ecosystems of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Environmental Sciences 15(4): 29-44.
Vinson, M.R.; Dinger, E.C. & Vinson, D.K. 2010. Piscicides and invertebrates: after 70 years, does anyone really know? Fisheries, 35: 61-71.
Zengeya, T.A.; Booth, A.J. & Chimimba, C.T. 2015. Broad Niche Overlap between Invasive Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Indigenous Congenerics in Southern Africa: Should we be concerned? Entropy 17(7): 4959-4973.
References
CABI. 2021. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Tilapia species including Tilapia zillii, Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis aureus. https://www.cabi.org. (Accessed 10 December 2021).
Champneys, T.; Genner, M.J. & Ioannou, C.C. 2021. Invasive Nile tilapia dominates a threatened indigenous tilapia in competition over shelter. Hydrobiologia 848: 3747-3762.
Coad, B.W. 2021. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. http://www.briancoad.com. (Accessed 12 December 2021).
Devlin, R.H.; Sundstrom, L.F. & Leggatt, R.A. 2015. Assessing Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Growth-Accelerated Genetically Engineered Fishes. BioScience 65(7): 685-700.
Dunz, A.R. & Schliewen, U.K. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as Tilapia. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 68(1): 64-80.
Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fong, J.D. 2018. Species by Family/Subfamily. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org. (Accessed 25 December 2018).
Esmaeili, H.R.; Piravar, Z. & Sadat Ebrahimi, M. 2006. Karyological Analysis of Iranian Cichlid Fish, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 (Perciformes, Cichlidae) from Southern Iran. Journal of Applied Animal Research 30(1): 77-79.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Teimori, A.; Owfi, F.; Abbasi, K. & Coad, B.W. 2014. Alien and invasive freshwater fish species in Iran: Diversity, environmental impacts and management. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 61-72.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Teimori, A.; Feridon, O.; Abbasi, K. & Coad, B.C. 2015. Alien and invasive freshwater fish species in Iran: Diversity, environmental impacts and management. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 61-72.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. 2018. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa 3(3): 1-95.
FAO. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. https://www.fao.org. (Accessed 23 December 2020).
Fujimura, K. & Kocher, T.D. 2011. Tol2-mediated transgenesis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 319(3-4): 342-346.
Gu, D.E.; Yu, F.D.; Xu, M.; Wei, H.; Mu, X.D.; Luo, D.; Yang, Y.X.; Pan, Z. & Hu, Y.C. 2018. Temperature effects on the distribution of two invasive tilapia species (Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus) in the rivers of South China. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 33(1): 511-524.
Herawati, T.; Saputra, R.N.; Lili, W.; Suryadi, I.B.B.; Kurniawati, N.; Hedianto, D.A. & Herawati, H. 2020. The Food Habits, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap of Fish Community in Jatigede Reservoir, West Java. Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Detroit, Michigan, USA, August 10-14, 2020, pp. 2558-2568.
Ibrahim, A.; Hassan, D.; Kelany, N.; Kotb, S. & Soliman, M. 2020. Validation of Three Different Sterilization Methods of Tilapia Skin Dressing: Impact on Microbiological Enumeration and Collagen Content. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7: 597751-597751.
IPM. 2021. IPM Images: The Source for Agriculture and Pest Management. https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5431078. (Accessed 14 December 2021).
Islamic Parliament Research Center. 2021. Regulation on Protection, Rehabilitation and Management of Wetlands. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/1021128. (Accessed 15 December 2021).
Khaefi, R.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Zareian, H. & Babaei, S. 2014. The first record of the redbelly tilapia, Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848), in freshwaters of Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology 38(1):96-98. Khairul-Adha, R.; Yuzine, E. & Aziz, A. 2013. The influence of alien fish species on native fish community structure in Malaysian waters. Kuroshio Science 7: 81-93.
Linde, A.R.; Izquierdo, J.I.; Moreira, J.C. & Garcia-Vazquez, E. 2008. Invasive tilapia juveniles are associated with degraded river habitats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 891-895.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 2000. The roles of tilapias in ecosystems. In Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation, Fish and Fisheries Series, vol 25, ed. Beveridge M.C.M. & McAndrew B.J. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 129-162.
Martin, C.W.; Valentine, M.M. & Valentine, J.F. 2010. Competitive interactions between invasive Nile Tilapia and native fish: The potential for altered trophic exchange and modification of food webs. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14395.
Mexican-Fish. 2021. Mexico-Fish, Birds, Crabs, Marine Life, Shells and Terrestrial Life. https://mexican-fish.com. (Accessed 15 December 2021).
Moghaddas, S.D.; Abdoli, A.; Hassanzade Kiabi, B. & Rahmani, H. 2020. Risk assessment of the potential invasiveness of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) in Anzali Wetland using AS-ISK Model. Environmental Sciences 18(2): 255-270.
Moreau, J. 1983. A review of introductions of tilapia in open waters of Africa, their influence on ecology and fisheries. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Nazareth, Iraq. pp. 77-85.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Eagderi, S. 2016. First record of the convict cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867) (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Namak Lake basin, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(1): 25-30.
Nivelle, R.; Gennotte, V.; Kalala, E.J.K.; Ngoc, N.B.; Muller M.; Mélard, C. & Rougeot, C. 2019. Correction: Temperature preference of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles induces spontaneous sex reversal. PLOS ONE 14(3): e0214689.
Norman-López, A. & Bjørndal, T. 2010. Markets for Tilapia. Global Research Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization. 44 p.
Radkhah, AR. & Eagderi, S. 2020. A review on the taxonomic status and biological characteristics of the genus Carassius (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Iranian inland waters. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics 7(4): 1-10.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi, S.; Poorbagher, H. & Shams, Y. 2020. Investigation of fish fauna and environmental factors influencing biodiversity in the Zarineh River, Urmia Lake basin (West Azerbaijan Province). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 29(1): 81-91.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi, S. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2016. First record of the exotic species Hemiculter leucisculus (Pisces: Cyprinidae) in southern Iran. Limnetica 35(1): 175-178.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi. S. & Poorbagher, H. 2021. A review of the effects of ecological niche overlap between Gambusia holbrooki and other fish species. 1st Fars Biodiversity Conference, March 2021, Shiraz University, Iran. pp. 137-147.
Radkhah, A.R.; Eagderi, S.; Poorbaqer, H. & Hosseini, S.V. 2018. A review of the distribution of non-native species of Pseudorasbora parva in inland waters of Iran and its ecological effects. 1st Conference on the Conservation of Endangered Fish Ecosystems in Iran. Department of Fisheries, University of Tehran and Iranian Ichthyology Association, December 19, 2018, Karaj, 11 p.
Rafiee, G.R.; Jouladeh, A. & Eagderi, S. 2017. Review on the Iranian members of the Family Cichlidae (Actinopterygii) with first record of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Fisheries (Iranian Journal of Natural of Resources), 70(1): 1-10.
Rahmati, M.; Salehi, H.; Iran, A.; Bitaraf, A.; Mohammadi, M.; Kiapasha, S.; Sarsangi, H.; Matinfar, A.; Moradi, Y. & Rajabipor, F. 2012. Study on economic aspects of tilapia culture in Iran. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute. 59 p.
Rana, K. 1988. Reproductive Biology and the Hatchery Rearing of Tilapia Eggs and Fry. In: Muir J.F., Roberts R.J. (Eds.,) Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 343-406. Shabanloo, H. 2020. An overview of the environmental impacts of the introduction and farming tilapia in different countries. 6th International Conference on Agricultural and Environment Engineering with Sustainable Development Approach, 6 p.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2021. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service for conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats. https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ans/erss/uncertainrisk/ERSS-Oreochromis-urolepis-FINAL-June 2019.pdf. (Accessed 14 December 2021).
USGS. 2021. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) Program Active. United States Geological Survey. Gainesville, Florida. https://nas.er.usgs.gov. (Accessed 27 December 2021).
Valikhani, H.; Abdoli, A.; Kiabi, B.H. & Nejat, F. 2016. First record and distribution of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in inland waters of Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(1): 19-24.
Valikhani, H.; Abdoli, A.; Kiabi, B.H.; Nejat, F.; Sadeghsaba, M. & Khosravi, M. 2018. A study on the status of invasive tilapia species (Coptodon zillii Gervais, 1848 and Oreochromis aureus Steindachner, 1864) in the aquatic ecosystems of Khuzestan Province, Iran. Environmental Sciences 15(4): 29-44.
Vinson, M.R.; Dinger, E.C. & Vinson, D.K. 2010. Piscicides and invertebrates: after 70 years, does anyone really know? Fisheries, 35: 61-71.
Zengeya, T.A.; Booth, A.J. & Chimimba, C.T. 2015. Broad Niche Overlap between Invasive Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and Indigenous Congenerics in Southern Africa: Should we be concerned? Entropy 17(7): 4959-4973.
Champneys, T.; Genner, M.J. & Ioannou, C.C. 2021. Invasive Nile tilapia dominates a threatened indigenous tilapia in competition over shelter. Hydrobiologia 848: 3747-3762.
Coad, B.W. 2021. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. http://www.briancoad.com. (Accessed 12 December 2021).
Devlin, R.H.; Sundstrom, L.F. & Leggatt, R.A. 2015. Assessing Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Growth-Accelerated Genetically Engineered Fishes. BioScience 65(7): 685-700.
Dunz, A.R. & Schliewen, U.K. 2013. Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as Tilapia. Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution 68(1): 64-80.
Eschmeyer, W.N. & Fong, J.D. 2018. Species by Family/Subfamily. http://researcharchive.calacademy.org. (Accessed 25 December 2018).
Esmaeili, H.R.; Piravar, Z. & Sadat Ebrahimi, M. 2006. Karyological Analysis of Iranian Cichlid Fish, Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982 (Perciformes, Cichlidae) from Southern Iran. Journal of Applied Animal Research 30(1): 77-79.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Teimori, A.; Owfi, F.; Abbasi, K. & Coad, B.W. 2014. Alien and invasive freshwater fish species in Iran: Diversity, environmental impacts and management. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 61-72.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Teimori, A.; Feridon, O.; Abbasi, K. & Coad, B.C. 2015. Alien and invasive freshwater fish species in Iran: Diversity, environmental impacts and management. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 61-72.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. 2018. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa 3(3): 1-95.
FAO. 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. https://www.fao.org. (Accessed 23 December 2020).
Fujimura, K. & Kocher, T.D. 2011. Tol2-mediated transgenesis in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 319(3-4): 342-346.
Gu, D.E.; Yu, F.D.; Xu, M.; Wei, H.; Mu, X.D.; Luo, D.; Yang, Y.X.; Pan, Z. & Hu, Y.C. 2018. Temperature effects on the distribution of two invasive tilapia species (Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis niloticus) in the rivers of South China. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 33(1): 511-524.
Herawati, T.; Saputra, R.N.; Lili, W.; Suryadi, I.B.B.; Kurniawati, N.; Hedianto, D.A. & Herawati, H. 2020. The Food Habits, Niche Breadth and Niche Overlap of Fish Community in Jatigede Reservoir, West Java. Proceedings of the 5th NA International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Detroit, Michigan, USA, August 10-14, 2020, pp. 2558-2568.
Ibrahim, A.; Hassan, D.; Kelany, N.; Kotb, S. & Soliman, M. 2020. Validation of Three Different Sterilization Methods of Tilapia Skin Dressing: Impact on Microbiological Enumeration and Collagen Content. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7: 597751-597751.
IPM. 2021. IPM Images: The Source for Agriculture and Pest Management. https://www.ipmimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5431078. (Accessed 14 December 2021).
Islamic Parliament Research Center. 2021. Regulation on Protection, Rehabilitation and Management of Wetlands. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/print_version/1021128. (Accessed 15 December 2021).
Khaefi, R.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Zareian, H. & Babaei, S. 2014. The first record of the redbelly tilapia, Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848), in freshwaters of Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology 38(1):96-98. Khairul-Adha, R.; Yuzine, E. & Aziz, A. 2013. The influence of alien fish species on native fish community structure in Malaysian waters. Kuroshio Science 7: 81-93.
Linde, A.R.; Izquierdo, J.I.; Moreira, J.C. & Garcia-Vazquez, E. 2008. Invasive tilapia juveniles are associated with degraded river habitats. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18: 891-895.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 2000. The roles of tilapias in ecosystems. In Tilapias: Biology and Exploitation, Fish and Fisheries Series, vol 25, ed. Beveridge M.C.M. & McAndrew B.J. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 129-162.
Martin, C.W.; Valentine, M.M. & Valentine, J.F. 2010. Competitive interactions between invasive Nile Tilapia and native fish: The potential for altered trophic exchange and modification of food webs. PLoS ONE 5(12): e14395.
Mexican-Fish. 2021. Mexico-Fish, Birds, Crabs, Marine Life, Shells and Terrestrial Life. https://mexican-fish.com. (Accessed 15 December 2021).
Moghaddas, S.D.; Abdoli, A.; Hassanzade Kiabi, B. & Rahmani, H. 2020. Risk assessment of the potential invasiveness of Coptodon zillii (Gervais, 1848) in Anzali Wetland using AS-ISK Model. Environmental Sciences 18(2): 255-270.
Moreau, J. 1983. A review of introductions of tilapia in open waters of Africa, their influence on ecology and fisheries. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Nazareth, Iraq. pp. 77-85.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Eagderi, S. 2016. First record of the convict cichlid, Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867) (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Namak Lake basin, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3(1): 25-30.
Nivelle, R.; Gennotte, V.; Kalala, E.J.K.; Ngoc, N.B.; Muller M.; Mélard, C. & Rougeot, C. 2019. Correction: Temperature preference of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles induces spontaneous sex reversal. PLOS ONE 14(3): e0214689.
Norman-López, A. & Bjørndal, T. 2010. Markets for Tilapia. Global Research Programme. Food and Agriculture Organization. 44 p.
Radkhah, AR. & Eagderi, S. 2020. A review on the taxonomic status and biological characteristics of the genus Carassius (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Iranian inland waters. Journal of Ornamental Aquatics 7(4): 1-10.
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