Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of two heavy metals of cadmium and lead on the behaviour of two fish species, viz. Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus. Two behavioural models, including the mirror-biting test and the dark/light test. The results showed that a significant relationship between the social behaviour of the fish species and the exposure to the selected heavy metals. Fishes exposed to heavy metals showed a significant decrease (P<0.01) in the number of mirror bites in the mirror biting test. Moreover, the results of the dark/light test showed that there was a significant reduction (P<0.01) in the total time spent in by fishes exposed to heavy metals in the light compartment.
Keywords
Common carp
Tilapia
Fish performance
Mirror test.
Article Details
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
AL-SAAEDI, A. M., AL-KHAFAJI, B. Y., & MANSOUR, A. J. (2022). Behavioural effect of heavy metals on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9, 32–36. Retrieved from http://www.ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/10023-5
References
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Abdul-Hassan, J.K. 2010. The effect of gradual temperature increase on oxygen consumption rates by three species of carp fishes (Cyprinidae). Journal of Thi-Qar Science 2(1): 48- 56.
ALKhafaji, B.Y.; Dawood, Y.T. & Maktoof, A.A. 2012. Trace metals distribution in fish tissues (Cyprinus carpio and Barbus luteus) and sediments from Al-Msab Alamm River near the center of Al-Nassiriya city. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 3(2): 22- 30.
Bui Thi, N.H.; Nguyen Thi, N.A.; Audira, G.; Siregar, P.; Liang, S.; Huang, J. & Hsiao, C. 2020. Chronic exposure to low concentration lead chloride-induced anxiety and loss of aggression and memory in zebrafish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(1844).
Cai, J.; Zhou, X.; Yan, X.; Lucente, D. & Lagana, C. 2019. Top 10 Species Groups in Global Aquaculture 2017. Rome, CA5224EN/1/06.19: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
Capriello, T.; Félix, L.; Monteiro, S.; Santos, D.; Cofone, R. & Ferrandino, I. 2021. Exposure to aluminium causes behavioural alterations and oxidative stress in the brain of adult zebrafish. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 85: 103636.
Cruz, A.L. 2002. Sub-lethal concentrations of monocrotophos affect aggressive behavior of the fishes Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski (Teleostei, Characidae) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) (Teleostei, Cichlidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 19(4): 1131-138.
DePasquale, C. & Leri, J. 2018. The influence of exercise on anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behavioural Processes 157: 638-644.
Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E.; Bolognesi, M.C.; Gauy, A.C.; Brandão, M.L.; Giaquinto, P.C. & Fernandes-Castilho, M. 2019. Social behavior and welfare in Nile tilapia. Fishes 4(2): 23.
Hussain, A.; Audira, G.; Siregar, P.; Lin, Y.; Villalobos, O.; Villaflores, O.; Wang, W. & Hsiao, C. 2020. Waterborne exposure of paclobutrazol at environmental relevant concentration induce locomotion hyperactivity in larvae and anxiolytic exploratory behavior in adult zebrafish. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(13): 4632.
Lee, J. & Freeman, J.L. 2016. Embryonic exposure to 10 μg L-1 lead results in femalespecific expression changes in genes associated with nervous system development and function and Alzheimer's disease in aged adult zebrafish brain. Metallomics 8(6): 589-596.
Maximino, C.; Marques de Brito, T.; Dias, C.; Gouveia, A. & Morato, S. 2010. Scototaxis as anxiety-like behavior in fish. Nature Protocols 5(2): 221-228.
Minami, A.; Takeda, A.; Nishibaba, D.; Takefuta, S. & Oku, N. 2001. Cadmium toxicity in synaptic neurotransmission in the brain. Brain Research 894(2): 336- 339.
Moretz, J.A.; Martins, E.P. & Robison, B.D. 2007. The effects of early and adult social environment on zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior. Environmental Biology of Fishes 80(1): 91-101.
Nabinger, D.D.; Altenhofen, S.; Bitencourt, P.E.; Nery, L.R.; Leite, C.E.; Vianna, M.R. & Bonan, C.D. 2018. Nickel exposure alters behavioral parameters in larval and adult zebrafish. Science of the Total Environment 624: 1623-1633.
Narahashi, T.; Ma, J.Y.; Arakawa, O.; Reuveny, E. & Nakahiro, M. 1994. GABA receptor-channel complex as a target site of mercury, copper, zinc, and lanthanides. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 14(6): 599- 621.
Oliveira, R.F.; Silva, J.F. & Simões, J.M. 2011. Fighting zebrafish: characterization of aggressive behavior and winner-loser effects. Zebrafish 8(2): 73-81.
Osredkar, J. & Sustar, N. 2011. Copper and zinc, biological role and significance of copper/zinc imbalance. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 2011(S: 3).
Sadiq, S.; Ghazala, Z.; Chowdhury, A. & Büsselberg, D. 2012. Metal toxicity at the synapse: presynaptic, postsynaptic, and long-term effects. Journal of Toxicology 132671
Sandoval-Herrera, N.; Mena, F.; Espinoza, M. & Romero, A. 2019. Neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides could reduce the ability of fish to escape predation under low doses of exposure. Scientific Reports 9(1): 1- 11.
Satarug, S.; Gobe, C.G.; Vesey, A.D. & Phelps, K.R. 2020. Cadmium and lead exposure, nephrotoxicity, and mortality. Toxics 8(4).
Scott, G.R. & Sloman K.A. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology 68(4): 369-392.
Shabgah, A.G., Qasim, M.T., Mostafavi, S. M., Zekiy, A. O., Ezzatifar, F., Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Sloman, K.A.; Scott, G.R.; Diao, Z.; Rouleau, C.; Wood, C.M. & McDonald, D.G. 2003. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology 65(2): 171-185.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International 1-12.
Teles, M.C.; Dahlbom, S.J.; Winberg, S. & Oliveira, R.F. 2013. Social modulation of brain monoamine levels in zebrafish. Behavioural Brain Research 253(2013): 17- 24.
Tudor, M.S.; Lopez-Anido, R.N.; Yocius, C.A.; Conlin, S.M. & Hamlin, H.J. 2019. Ecologically relevant arsenic exposure alters female mate preference and anxiety-like behavior in Betta splendens. Heliyon 5(10): e02646.
Vieira, L.R.; Gravato, C.; Soares, A.; Morgado, F. & Guilhermino, L. 2009. Acute effects of copper and mercury on the estuarine fish Pomatoschistus microps: linking biomarkers to behaviour. Chemosphere 76(10): 1416-1427.
Zhu, B.; Wang, Q.; Shi, X.; Guo, Y.; Xu, T. & Zhou, B. 2016. Effect of combined exposure to lead and decabromodiphenyl ether on neurodevelopment of zebrafish larvae. Chemosphere 144: 1646-1654.
References
Abdul-Hassan, J.K. 2010. The effect of gradual temperature increase on oxygen consumption rates by three species of carp fishes (Cyprinidae). Journal of Thi-Qar Science 2(1): 48- 56.
ALKhafaji, B.Y.; Dawood, Y.T. & Maktoof, A.A. 2012. Trace metals distribution in fish tissues (Cyprinus carpio and Barbus luteus) and sediments from Al-Msab Alamm River near the center of Al-Nassiriya city. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 3(2): 22- 30.
Bui Thi, N.H.; Nguyen Thi, N.A.; Audira, G.; Siregar, P.; Liang, S.; Huang, J. & Hsiao, C. 2020. Chronic exposure to low concentration lead chloride-induced anxiety and loss of aggression and memory in zebrafish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(1844).
Cai, J.; Zhou, X.; Yan, X.; Lucente, D. & Lagana, C. 2019. Top 10 Species Groups in Global Aquaculture 2017. Rome, CA5224EN/1/06.19: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
Capriello, T.; Félix, L.; Monteiro, S.; Santos, D.; Cofone, R. & Ferrandino, I. 2021. Exposure to aluminium causes behavioural alterations and oxidative stress in the brain of adult zebrafish. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 85: 103636.
Cruz, A.L. 2002. Sub-lethal concentrations of monocrotophos affect aggressive behavior of the fishes Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski (Teleostei, Characidae) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) (Teleostei, Cichlidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 19(4): 1131-138.
DePasquale, C. & Leri, J. 2018. The influence of exercise on anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behavioural Processes 157: 638-644.
Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E.; Bolognesi, M.C.; Gauy, A.C.; Brandão, M.L.; Giaquinto, P.C. & Fernandes-Castilho, M. 2019. Social behavior and welfare in Nile tilapia. Fishes 4(2): 23.
Hussain, A.; Audira, G.; Siregar, P.; Lin, Y.; Villalobos, O.; Villaflores, O.; Wang, W. & Hsiao, C. 2020. Waterborne exposure of paclobutrazol at environmental relevant concentration induce locomotion hyperactivity in larvae and anxiolytic exploratory behavior in adult zebrafish. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(13): 4632.
Lee, J. & Freeman, J.L. 2016. Embryonic exposure to 10 μg L-1 lead results in femalespecific expression changes in genes associated with nervous system development and function and Alzheimer's disease in aged adult zebrafish brain. Metallomics 8(6): 589-596.
Maximino, C.; Marques de Brito, T.; Dias, C.; Gouveia, A. & Morato, S. 2010. Scototaxis as anxiety-like behavior in fish. Nature Protocols 5(2): 221-228.
Minami, A.; Takeda, A.; Nishibaba, D.; Takefuta, S. & Oku, N. 2001. Cadmium toxicity in synaptic neurotransmission in the brain. Brain Research 894(2): 336- 339.
Moretz, J.A.; Martins, E.P. & Robison, B.D. 2007. The effects of early and adult social environment on zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior. Environmental Biology of Fishes 80(1): 91-101.
Nabinger, D.D.; Altenhofen, S.; Bitencourt, P.E.; Nery, L.R.; Leite, C.E.; Vianna, M.R. & Bonan, C.D. 2018. Nickel exposure alters behavioral parameters in larval and adult zebrafish. Science of the Total Environment 624: 1623-1633.
Narahashi, T.; Ma, J.Y.; Arakawa, O.; Reuveny, E. & Nakahiro, M. 1994. GABA receptor-channel complex as a target site of mercury, copper, zinc, and lanthanides. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 14(6): 599- 621.
Oliveira, R.F.; Silva, J.F. & Simões, J.M. 2011. Fighting zebrafish: characterization of aggressive behavior and winner-loser effects. Zebrafish 8(2): 73-81.
Osredkar, J. & Sustar, N. 2011. Copper and zinc, biological role and significance of copper/zinc imbalance. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 2011(S: 3).
Sadiq, S.; Ghazala, Z.; Chowdhury, A. & Büsselberg, D. 2012. Metal toxicity at the synapse: presynaptic, postsynaptic, and long-term effects. Journal of Toxicology 132671
Sandoval-Herrera, N.; Mena, F.; Espinoza, M. & Romero, A. 2019. Neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides could reduce the ability of fish to escape predation under low doses of exposure. Scientific Reports 9(1): 1- 11.
Satarug, S.; Gobe, C.G.; Vesey, A.D. & Phelps, K.R. 2020. Cadmium and lead exposure, nephrotoxicity, and mortality. Toxics 8(4).
Scott, G.R. & Sloman K.A. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology 68(4): 369-392.
Shabgah, A.G., Qasim, M.T., Mostafavi, S. M., Zekiy, A. O., Ezzatifar, F., Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Sloman, K.A.; Scott, G.R.; Diao, Z.; Rouleau, C.; Wood, C.M. & McDonald, D.G. 2003. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology 65(2): 171-185.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International 1-12.
Teles, M.C.; Dahlbom, S.J.; Winberg, S. & Oliveira, R.F. 2013. Social modulation of brain monoamine levels in zebrafish. Behavioural Brain Research 253(2013): 17- 24.
Tudor, M.S.; Lopez-Anido, R.N.; Yocius, C.A.; Conlin, S.M. & Hamlin, H.J. 2019. Ecologically relevant arsenic exposure alters female mate preference and anxiety-like behavior in Betta splendens. Heliyon 5(10): e02646.
Vieira, L.R.; Gravato, C.; Soares, A.; Morgado, F. & Guilhermino, L. 2009. Acute effects of copper and mercury on the estuarine fish Pomatoschistus microps: linking biomarkers to behaviour. Chemosphere 76(10): 1416-1427.
Zhu, B.; Wang, Q.; Shi, X.; Guo, Y.; Xu, T. & Zhou, B. 2016. Effect of combined exposure to lead and decabromodiphenyl ether on neurodevelopment of zebrafish larvae. Chemosphere 144: 1646-1654.
ALKhafaji, B.Y.; Dawood, Y.T. & Maktoof, A.A. 2012. Trace metals distribution in fish tissues (Cyprinus carpio and Barbus luteus) and sediments from Al-Msab Alamm River near the center of Al-Nassiriya city. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 3(2): 22- 30.
Bui Thi, N.H.; Nguyen Thi, N.A.; Audira, G.; Siregar, P.; Liang, S.; Huang, J. & Hsiao, C. 2020. Chronic exposure to low concentration lead chloride-induced anxiety and loss of aggression and memory in zebrafish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(1844).
Cai, J.; Zhou, X.; Yan, X.; Lucente, D. & Lagana, C. 2019. Top 10 Species Groups in Global Aquaculture 2017. Rome, CA5224EN/1/06.19: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.
Capriello, T.; Félix, L.; Monteiro, S.; Santos, D.; Cofone, R. & Ferrandino, I. 2021. Exposure to aluminium causes behavioural alterations and oxidative stress in the brain of adult zebrafish. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 85: 103636.
Cruz, A.L. 2002. Sub-lethal concentrations of monocrotophos affect aggressive behavior of the fishes Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski (Teleostei, Characidae) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) (Teleostei, Cichlidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 19(4): 1131-138.
DePasquale, C. & Leri, J. 2018. The influence of exercise on anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Behavioural Processes 157: 638-644.
Gonçalves-de-Freitas, E.; Bolognesi, M.C.; Gauy, A.C.; Brandão, M.L.; Giaquinto, P.C. & Fernandes-Castilho, M. 2019. Social behavior and welfare in Nile tilapia. Fishes 4(2): 23.
Hussain, A.; Audira, G.; Siregar, P.; Lin, Y.; Villalobos, O.; Villaflores, O.; Wang, W. & Hsiao, C. 2020. Waterborne exposure of paclobutrazol at environmental relevant concentration induce locomotion hyperactivity in larvae and anxiolytic exploratory behavior in adult zebrafish. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(13): 4632.
Lee, J. & Freeman, J.L. 2016. Embryonic exposure to 10 μg L-1 lead results in femalespecific expression changes in genes associated with nervous system development and function and Alzheimer's disease in aged adult zebrafish brain. Metallomics 8(6): 589-596.
Maximino, C.; Marques de Brito, T.; Dias, C.; Gouveia, A. & Morato, S. 2010. Scototaxis as anxiety-like behavior in fish. Nature Protocols 5(2): 221-228.
Minami, A.; Takeda, A.; Nishibaba, D.; Takefuta, S. & Oku, N. 2001. Cadmium toxicity in synaptic neurotransmission in the brain. Brain Research 894(2): 336- 339.
Moretz, J.A.; Martins, E.P. & Robison, B.D. 2007. The effects of early and adult social environment on zebrafish (Danio rerio) behavior. Environmental Biology of Fishes 80(1): 91-101.
Nabinger, D.D.; Altenhofen, S.; Bitencourt, P.E.; Nery, L.R.; Leite, C.E.; Vianna, M.R. & Bonan, C.D. 2018. Nickel exposure alters behavioral parameters in larval and adult zebrafish. Science of the Total Environment 624: 1623-1633.
Narahashi, T.; Ma, J.Y.; Arakawa, O.; Reuveny, E. & Nakahiro, M. 1994. GABA receptor-channel complex as a target site of mercury, copper, zinc, and lanthanides. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 14(6): 599- 621.
Oliveira, R.F.; Silva, J.F. & Simões, J.M. 2011. Fighting zebrafish: characterization of aggressive behavior and winner-loser effects. Zebrafish 8(2): 73-81.
Osredkar, J. & Sustar, N. 2011. Copper and zinc, biological role and significance of copper/zinc imbalance. Journal of Clinical Toxicology 2011(S: 3).
Sadiq, S.; Ghazala, Z.; Chowdhury, A. & Büsselberg, D. 2012. Metal toxicity at the synapse: presynaptic, postsynaptic, and long-term effects. Journal of Toxicology 132671
Sandoval-Herrera, N.; Mena, F.; Espinoza, M. & Romero, A. 2019. Neurotoxicity of organophosphate pesticides could reduce the ability of fish to escape predation under low doses of exposure. Scientific Reports 9(1): 1- 11.
Satarug, S.; Gobe, C.G.; Vesey, A.D. & Phelps, K.R. 2020. Cadmium and lead exposure, nephrotoxicity, and mortality. Toxics 8(4).
Scott, G.R. & Sloman K.A. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology 68(4): 369-392.
Shabgah, A.G., Qasim, M.T., Mostafavi, S. M., Zekiy, A. O., Ezzatifar, F., Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Sloman, K.A.; Scott, G.R.; Diao, Z.; Rouleau, C.; Wood, C.M. & McDonald, D.G. 2003. Cadmium affects the social behaviour of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquatic Toxicology 65(2): 171-185.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International 1-12.
Teles, M.C.; Dahlbom, S.J.; Winberg, S. & Oliveira, R.F. 2013. Social modulation of brain monoamine levels in zebrafish. Behavioural Brain Research 253(2013): 17- 24.
Tudor, M.S.; Lopez-Anido, R.N.; Yocius, C.A.; Conlin, S.M. & Hamlin, H.J. 2019. Ecologically relevant arsenic exposure alters female mate preference and anxiety-like behavior in Betta splendens. Heliyon 5(10): e02646.
Vieira, L.R.; Gravato, C.; Soares, A.; Morgado, F. & Guilhermino, L. 2009. Acute effects of copper and mercury on the estuarine fish Pomatoschistus microps: linking biomarkers to behaviour. Chemosphere 76(10): 1416-1427.
Zhu, B.; Wang, Q.; Shi, X.; Guo, Y.; Xu, T. & Zhou, B. 2016. Effect of combined exposure to lead and decabromodiphenyl ether on neurodevelopment of zebrafish larvae. Chemosphere 144: 1646-1654.