Main Article Content

Abstract

Heavy metals are considered the most important environmental pollutants that negatively affect soils’ microbial community, including fungal populations. The current study aimed to assess the effect of lead and cadmium on the physiological characteristics of pathogenic and biological fungi. The results revealed that Cd at a concentration of 10mg/kg and Pb at 600mg/kg had the highest inhibition effect on the radial growth of examined fungi, reaching 42.40 and 32.71%, respectively. The sensitivity results of fungi showed that T. koningii was less susceptible to Pb and Cd, followed by R. solani. It was also observed that the colour of T. koningii fungus changed from dark green to light green undergoing the effect of Pb and Cd and that the colour change may be due to the resistance characteristic of the fungus. The results also indicated that there was a significant effect of Pb and Cd on the spore germination of fungi, as the germination decreased to 8.49 and 8.19×104, respectively, by the effect of high concentrations of the two heavy metals, compared to the control treatment, which was 15.99×104, as well as the effect of Pb and Cd on the dry weight of fungi with an exception for T. koningii. All examined fungi showed a positive detection of protease, lipase and cellulase enzymes, and this enzymatic activity was affected by Pb and Cd concentrations. The antagonistic ability of the bioagent T. koningii against pathogenic fungi varied in the presence of Pb and Cd. Therefore, bioagent could control pathogenic fungi and biological treatment of heavy metals in polluted soils.

Keywords

Biotic stressors Extracellular enzymes Fungi Heavy metals Tolerance.

Article Details

How to Cite
MADHI, Q. H., ABASS, M. H., & MATROOD, A. A. A. (2022). The effect of lead and cadmium on some physiological characteristics of the fungi that cause wheat damping-off and some biological fungi. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 412–426. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i0.765

References

    Al-Kadeeb, A.S. 2007. Effect of lead and copper on the growth of heavy metal resistance fungi isolated from second industrial city in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Applied Sciences 7(7): 1019-1024.
    Abu-Mejdad, N.M.J.A. 2013. Response of some fungal species to the effect of copper, magnesium and zinc under the laboratory condition. European Journal of Experimental Biology 3: 535-540.
    Abass, M.H.; Madhi, Q.H.; Matrood, A.A. 2021. Identity and prevalence of wheat damping‑off fungal pathogens in different fields of Basrah and Maysan provinces. Bulletin of the National Research Centre 45: 51
    Babich, H. & Stotzky, G. 1979. Abiotic Factors Affecting the Toxicity of Lead to Fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 38(3): 506-513.
    Baldrian, P. 2002. Mycological Society of America Journal 94(3): 428-436.
    Baldrian, P. 2003. Interactions of heavy metals with white-rot fungi. Enzyme Micro-biology and Technology 32: 78-91.
    1.1 Babu, A.G.; Shim, J.; Bang K.S.; Shea, P.J. & Oh, B.T. 2014. Trichoderma virens PDR- 28: a heavy metal-tolerant and plant growth-promoting fungus for remediation and bioenergy crop production on mine tailing soil. Journal of Environmental Management 132: 129-134.
    Cowan, J.T. 1986. Manual for the identification of medical bacteria .2nd Cambridge University. Press London, 146-156.
    Cao, L.; Jiang, M.; Zeng, Z.; Du, A. & Tan, H. 2008. Trichoderma atroviride F6 improves phytoextraction efficiency of mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss. var. foliosa Bailey) in Cd, Ni contaminated soils. Chemosphere 71: 1769-1773.
    Chu, D. 2018. Effects of heavy metals on soil microbial community. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 113: 012009.
    Dubey, R.C. & Dwivedi, R.S. 1988. Effect of heavy metals frowth and survival of Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Biology and Fertility Soils 6: 311-314.
    Dahm, H. & Strzelczyk, E. 1996. Effect of heavy metals on enzymes production by Hebeloma crustuliniforme. Acta Mycolgica 31(2): 181-189.
    El-Sersy, N.A. & El-sharouny, E.E. 2007. Nickel biosorption by free and immobilized cells of marine Bacillus subttilis N10. Journal of Biotechnogy 6: 316-321.
    Ezzouhri, L.; Castro, E.; Moya, M.; Espinola, F. & Lairin, K. 2009. Heavy metal tolerance of filamentous fungi isolated from polluted sites in Tangier. African Journal of Microbiology Research 3: 35-48.
    Ekundayo, E.A.; Akharaiyi1, F.C.; Ekundayo, F.O.; Prebor, E.; Ogunmefun, O.T. & Oluwafemi, Y. 2018. In vitro Interactions of Fungal Isolates obtained from Selected Soil Samples in Ado-Ekiti Metropolis and their Tolerance to Selected Fungicide and Heavy Metals. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 7(3): 3573-3585.
    Fogarty, R.V. & Tobin, J.M. 1996. Fungal melanins and their interactions with metals. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 19: 311-317.
    Fiza, L.; Muhammad, F.; Hussain M.; Urooj, H.; Samiah, A.; Saddam, S.; Wajid, Z.; Ali R.; Jianxin S.; Shengquan, C. & Qunlu, L. 2020. Evaluation of Metal Tolerance of Fungal Strains Isolated from Contaminated Mining Soil of Nanjing, China. Biology 9(12): 469.
    Gruhn, C.M. & Miller Jr, O.K. 1991. Effect of copper on tyrosinase activity and polyamine content of some ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research 95(3): 268-272.
    Golubovic Curguz, V.; Raicevic, V.; Tabakovic Tosic, M.; Veselinovic, M. & Jovanovic, L.J. 2010. Same physiological characteristics of three ectomycorrhizal fungi from Suillus genus. Mineral Biotecnology 22: 1-7.
    Iwona, M.; Agnieszka, W.; Van, C.; M., Renata, R.; Nska, S. & Philippe, J. 2018. The Role of Heavy Metals in Plant Response to Biotic Stress. Molecules 23(9): 2320.
    Joshi, P.K.; Anand, S.; Sonu, M.; Raman, K. & Namita, S. 2011. Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Liquid Media Through Fungi Isolated from Contaminated Sources. Indian Journal Microbiology 51(4): 482-487.
    José, R.; Zúñiga-Silvaa, W.; Chan-Cupulb, O.; Loerac, N.; Nogawa, G.F. & Nordberg, K.M. 2015. Cadmium-Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals (Fourth Edition). Chapter 32. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals 667.
    Kredics, L.I.; Doczi, Z.A. & Manczinger, L. 2001. Effect of heavy metals on growth an extracellular enzyme activities of mycoparasitic Trichoderma strains. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 66: 249.254.
    Kacprzak, M. & Malina, G. 2005. The tolerance and Zn2+, Ba2+ and Fe3+ accumulation by Trichoderma atroviride and Mortierella exigua isolated from contaminated soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 85(2): 283-290.
    Levinskaite, L. 2001. Effect of heavy metals on the individual development of two fungi from the genus Penicillium. Biologija 1: 25-30.
    Mushin, T.M. 1990. Effect of salt on the growth of fungi associated with halophytes in vitro. Basra Journal of Agricultural Science 3(1-2): 151-159.
    Meenal, K. & Sarita, N. 2000. Metal Tolerance of Fusarium solani. Ecological Environmental & Conseve 6 (4): 391-395.
    Martino, E.; Turnau, K.; Girlanda, M.; Bonfante, P. & Perotto, S. 2000. Ericoid Mycorrhizal fungi from heavy metal polluted soils: Their identification and growth in the presence of zinc ions. Myclogical Research 104: 338-344.
    Muhammad, A.; Xu, J.; Li, Z.; Wang, H. & Yao, H. 2005. Effects of lead and cadmium nitrate on biomass and substrate utilization pattern of soil microbial communities. Chemosphere 60(4): 508-514.
    Mala, J.G.S.; Nair, B.U. & Puvanakrishnan, R. 2006. Accumulation and biosorption of chromium by Aspergillus niger MTCC 2594. The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 52: 179.
    Madhi, Q.H.; Abass, M.H. & Matrood, A.A. 2020. Heavy metals pollution of wheat fields (soil and leaves) sampled from Basrah and maysan provinces. Periódico Tchê Química. ISSN 2179-0302. vol.17.
    Nasin, G.; Ilyas, N.; Ali, A. & Munawar, A. 2008. Effect of salt primingon in vitro growth on some soil fungi. Pakistan Journal of Botany 40(1): 427-431.
    Nongmaithem, N.; Roy, A. & Bhattacharya, P.M. 2014. In vitro evaluation of tolerance to cadmium and nickel by Rhizoctonia solani. International Journal of Current Research 6(3): 5349-350.
    Orgiazzi, A.; Lumini, E.; Nilsson, R.H.; Girlanda, M. & Vizzini, A. 2012. Unravelling Soil Fungal Communities from Different Mediterranean Land Use Backgrounds. PLoS ONE 7(4): e34847.
    Pawlowska, T.E. & Iris, C. 2004. Heavy-Metal Stress and Developmental Patterns of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70(11): 6643-6649.
    Reese, N. & Mandels, M. 1963. Enzymic hydrolysis of cellulose and its derivatives. In: Method in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Vol. 3. R.L. whisler (ed.). Acadmic Press, New York, 139 - 143p.
    Rozycki, H. 1993. Effect of Heavy Metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd) on Mycelial Growth of Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten. Zentralbl Mikrobiology 148: 265- 275.
    Radojevic, M.; Abdullah, M.H. & Aris, A.Z. 2007. Analisis air. Scholar Press, Selangor.
    Sierra, G. A. 1957. Simple method for the detectioin of lipolytic activity of microorganism and some observation on the influence of the contact between cells a fatty substrate.
    2 Stohs, S.J. & Bagchi, D. 1995. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of heavy metals. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 199518: 321-336.
    Sanyal, A.; Rautaray, D.; Bansal,V.; Ahmad, A. & Sastry, M. 2005.Heavy metal remediation by a fungus as a mean of lead and cadmium carbonate crystals. Langmuir 21: 7220.
    Sipos, B.; Benkő, Z.; Dienes, D.; Réczey, K.; Viikari, L. & Siika-aho, M. 2010. Characterisation of specific activities and hydrolytic properties of cell-wall-degrading enzymes produced by Trichoderma reesei C30 on different carbon sources. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 161(1-8): 347-364.
    Seth, R.K.; Alam, S. & Shukla, D.N. 2016. Isolation and identification of Soil Fungi from Wheat Cultivated Area of Uttar Pradesh. Journal of Plant Pathology & Microbiology 7(11): 1-3.
    Syamsia, S.; Abubakar, I.; Irma, H.; Amanda, P. & Noerfitryani N. 2019. Screening Endophytic Fungi from Local Rice for Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production. 1st International Conference on Science and Technology, ICOST 2019, 2-3 May, Makassar, Indonesia.
    Turnauk, O.E.; Ryszka P.; Zubek S.; Anielska, T.; Gawronski, S. & Jurkiewicz, A. 2006. Role of mycorrhizal fungi in phytoremediation and toxicity monitoring of heavy metal rich industrial wastes in southern Poland. Soil and Water Pollution Monitoring, Protection and Remediation 3(23): 533.
    Vig, K.; Megharaj, M.; Sethunathan, N. & Naidu, R. 2003. Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review. Advances in Environmental Research 8(1): 121-135.
    Vivas, A.; Barea, J.M. & Azco´n, R. 2005. Brevibacillus brevis Isolated from Cadmium- or Zinc-Contaminated Soils Improves in Vitro Spore Germination and Growth of Glomus mosseae under High Cd or Zn Concentrations. Microbiology Ecology 49: 416-424.
    Vadkertiová, R. & Sláviková, E. 2006. Metal tolerance of yeasts isolated from water, soil and plant environments. Journal of Basic Microbiology 46(2): 145-152.
    Velmurugan, N.; Hwang, G.; Sathishkumar, M.; Choi, T.K.; Lee, K.J. & Oh, B.T. 2010. Isolation, identification, Pb (II) biosorption isotherms and kinetics of a lead adsorbing penicillium sp. MRF-1 from South Korean mine soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences 22(7): 1049-1056
    Yu, M.H. 2001. Environment Toxicology: Impacts of Environmental Toxicants on Living Systems. (3rd Edn)CRS Press LLC, Florida.
    Yazdani, M.; Yap, C.K. & Abdullah, F. 2010. Adsorption and absorption of Cu in Trichoderma atroviride. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agriculture 33(1): 71-77.
    Yazdani, M.; Yap, C.K.; Abdullah, F. & Tan, S.G. 2010. An in vitro study on the adsorption, absorption and uptake capacity of Zn by the bioremediator Trichoderma atroviride. Environmental Asia 3(1):53-59.
    Zafar, S.; Aqil, F. & Ahmad, I. 2007. Metal tolerance and biosorption potential of filamentous fungi isolated from metal contaminated agricultural soil. Bioresource Technology 98(13): 2557-2561.