Main Article Content
Abstract
Electronic waste is one of the fastest spreading pollution worldwide due to the presence of a variety of toxic substances that can pollute the environment and threaten human health, if disposal protocols are not carefully managed. The current study was conducted in Thi-Qar Governorate, which included collecting blood samples from Electronic maintenance workers. A group of 100 workers ranging from 18 to 65 years old were selected, and the other study group included 50 persons who did not work in electronic maintenance. The daily working time of the studied group was 6-9 hours for a period of 1-30 years. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of some trace elements on the level of gene expression of the ATF3 gene in electronic waste workers, and their effect on the blood sugar levels. Based on the results, there was a rise in the concentration of blood sugar and a decrease in the level of iron concentration in workers. The study also showed an increase in the level of ATF3 expression in e-waste workers.
Keywords
Pollution
ATF3 gene
Iron
E-waste.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
MUTTAIR, R. Y., & ENAYAH, S. H. (2021). Genotoxic effects and serum abnormalities in e-waste workers in Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 369–375. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i0.726
References
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Abbaspour, N.; Hurrell, R. & Kelishadi, R. 2014. Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 19(2): 164-174.
Alabi, O.A. & Bakare, A.A. 2011. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of electronic waste leachates using animal bioassays. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 93(5): 1073-1088.
Arain, A.L. & Neitzel, R.L. 2019. A review of biomarkers used for assessing human exposure to metals from E-waste. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(10): 1802.
Azeh Engwa, G.; Udoka Ferdinand, P.; Nweke Nwalo, F. & N. Unachukwu, M. 2019. Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans. Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog? June.
Bakare, A.A.; Adeyemi, A.O.; Adeyemi, A.; Alabi, O.A. & Osibanjo, O. 2012. Cytogenotoxic effects of electronic waste leachate in Allium cepa. Caryologia 65(2): 94-100.
Bei, Y. 2017. Activating transcription factor 3 in immune response and metabolic regulation. Physiology and Behavior 176(3): 139-148.
Blüher, M. 2019. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 15(5): 288-298.
Bozkir, Ç. 2019. Iron Deficiency Anemia and Diabetes Mellitus. Interventions in Obesity and Diabetes 3(2): 238-240.
Caravanos, J.; Clarke, E.E.; Osei, C.S. & Amoyaw-Osei, Y. 2013. Exploratory Health Assessment of Chemical Exposures at E-Waste Recycling and Scrapyard Facility in Ghana. Journal of Health and Pollution 3(4): 11-22.
Hasim, M.S. & Studies, P. 2019. The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 as a Regulator of DNA-Damaging Chemotherapy Cytotoxicity. Thesis.
Jeffery, R.W. & Utter, J. 2003. The changing environment and population obesity in the United States. Obesity Research 11(Suppl. 1).
Jonathan, P.; Bradley, S. & Peterson, J.A.R. 2008. ATF3 plays a protective role against toxicity by N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin in stable PC12 cell line. Bone 23(1): 1-7.
Joo, J.H.; Ueda, E.; Bortner, C.D.; Yang, X.P.; Liao, G. & Jetten, A.M. 2015. Farnesol activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and the ATF4-ATF3-CHOP cascade of ER stress in human T lymphoblastic leukemia Molt4 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 97(3): 256-268.
Khan, S. A. (2016). E-products, E-waste and the Basel convention: Regulatory challenges and impossibilities of international environmental law. Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law 25(2): 248-260.
Ku, H.C. & Cheng, C.F. 2020. Master Regulator Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Metabolic Homeostasis and Cancer. Frontiers in Endocrinology 11
Li, K. Q.; Liu, S.S.; Yang, Q.Y.; Zhao, Y.X.; Zuo, J.F.; Li, R.; Jing, Y.Q.; He, X.B.; Qiu, X.H.; Li, G. & Zhu, T. 2014. Genotoxic effects and serum abnormalities in residents of regions proximal to e-waste disposal facilities in Jinghai, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 105(1): 51-58.
Means, R.T. 2004. Hepcidin and cytokines in anaemia. Hematology 9(5-6): 357-362.
Mo, L.; Zheng, X.; Zhu, C.; Sun, Y.; Yu, L.; Luo, X. & Mai, B. 2019. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in oriental magpie-robins from e-waste, urban, and rural sites: Site-specific biomagnification of POPs. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 186: 109758.
Ngwa, E.N.; Kengne, A.P.; Tiedeu-Atogho, B.; Mofo-Mato, E.P. & Sobngwi, E. 2015. Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome 7(1): 41.
Ohajinwa, C.M.; Van Bodegom, P. M.; Vijver, M.G. & Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. 2017. Health risks awareness of electronic waste workers in the informal sector in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(8): 28805712.
Pantopoulos, K.; Porwal, S.K.; Tartakoff, A. & Devireddy, L. 2012. Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis. Biochemistry 51(29): 5705-5724.
Papanikolaou, G., & Pantopoulos, K. 2005. Iron metabolism and toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 202(2): 199-211.
Peng, J.; Le, C.Y.; Xia, B.; Wang, J.W.; Liu, J.J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, Q.J. & Zhang, Q. 2021. Research on the correlation between activating transcription factor 3 expression in the human coronary artery and atherosclerotic plaque stability. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (21): 356.
Rohini, M.; Haritha Menon, A. & Selvamurugan, N. 2018. Role of activating transcription factor 3 and its interacting proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 120: 310-317.
Scheers, N. (2013). Regulatory effects of Cu, Zn, and Ca on Fe absorption: The intricate play between nutrient transporters. Nutrients 5(3): 957–970.
Sood, V.; Sharma, K.B.; Gupta, V.; Saha, D.; Dhapola, P.; Sharma, M.; Sen, U.; Kitajima, S.; Chowdhury, S.; Kalia, M. & Vrati, S. 2017. ATF3 negatively regulates cellular antiviral signaling and autophagy in the absence of type I interferons. Scientific Reports 7(1): 1-17.
Sousa, C.; Moutinho, C.; Vinha, A.F. & Matos, C. 2019. Trace Minerals in Human Health: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Fluorine. International Journal of Science and Reserch Methodology 13(3): 57-80.
Srigboh, R.K.; Basu, N.; Stephens, J.; Asampong, E.; Perkins, M.; Neitzel, R.L. & Fobil, J. 2016. Multiple elemental exposures amongst workers at the Agbogbloshie electronic waste (e-waste) site in Ghana. Chemosphere 164: 68-74.
Velickova, N. 2017. Environmental impact of heavy metals on the blood cells in professionally exposed workers. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 18(1): 363-374.
Xu, X.; Zeng, X.; Boezen, H.M. & Huo, X. 2015. E-waste environmental contamination and harm to public health in China. Frontiers of Medicine 9(2): 220-228.
Yohannessen, K.; Pinto-Galleguillos, D.; Parra-Giordano, D.; Agost, A.; Valdés, M.; Smith, L. M.; Galen, K.; Arain, A.; Rojas, F.; Neitzel, R.L. & Ruiz-Rudolph, P. 2019. Health assessment of electronic waste workers in chile: Participant characterization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(3): 386.
Zainab, S.A. 2020. Level of some heavy elements in serum and some antioxidants and their relationship with diabetes mellitus among electronic waste exposed in Thi-Qar-Province-Iraq.
References
Abbaspour, N.; Hurrell, R. & Kelishadi, R. 2014. Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 19(2): 164-174.
Alabi, O.A. & Bakare, A.A. 2011. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of electronic waste leachates using animal bioassays. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 93(5): 1073-1088.
Arain, A.L. & Neitzel, R.L. 2019. A review of biomarkers used for assessing human exposure to metals from E-waste. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(10): 1802.
Azeh Engwa, G.; Udoka Ferdinand, P.; Nweke Nwalo, F. & N. Unachukwu, M. 2019. Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans. Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog? June.
Bakare, A.A.; Adeyemi, A.O.; Adeyemi, A.; Alabi, O.A. & Osibanjo, O. 2012. Cytogenotoxic effects of electronic waste leachate in Allium cepa. Caryologia 65(2): 94-100.
Bei, Y. 2017. Activating transcription factor 3 in immune response and metabolic regulation. Physiology and Behavior 176(3): 139-148.
Blüher, M. 2019. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 15(5): 288-298.
Bozkir, Ç. 2019. Iron Deficiency Anemia and Diabetes Mellitus. Interventions in Obesity and Diabetes 3(2): 238-240.
Caravanos, J.; Clarke, E.E.; Osei, C.S. & Amoyaw-Osei, Y. 2013. Exploratory Health Assessment of Chemical Exposures at E-Waste Recycling and Scrapyard Facility in Ghana. Journal of Health and Pollution 3(4): 11-22.
Hasim, M.S. & Studies, P. 2019. The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 as a Regulator of DNA-Damaging Chemotherapy Cytotoxicity. Thesis.
Jeffery, R.W. & Utter, J. 2003. The changing environment and population obesity in the United States. Obesity Research 11(Suppl. 1).
Jonathan, P.; Bradley, S. & Peterson, J.A.R. 2008. ATF3 plays a protective role against toxicity by N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin in stable PC12 cell line. Bone 23(1): 1-7.
Joo, J.H.; Ueda, E.; Bortner, C.D.; Yang, X.P.; Liao, G. & Jetten, A.M. 2015. Farnesol activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and the ATF4-ATF3-CHOP cascade of ER stress in human T lymphoblastic leukemia Molt4 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 97(3): 256-268.
Khan, S. A. (2016). E-products, E-waste and the Basel convention: Regulatory challenges and impossibilities of international environmental law. Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law 25(2): 248-260.
Ku, H.C. & Cheng, C.F. 2020. Master Regulator Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Metabolic Homeostasis and Cancer. Frontiers in Endocrinology 11
Li, K. Q.; Liu, S.S.; Yang, Q.Y.; Zhao, Y.X.; Zuo, J.F.; Li, R.; Jing, Y.Q.; He, X.B.; Qiu, X.H.; Li, G. & Zhu, T. 2014. Genotoxic effects and serum abnormalities in residents of regions proximal to e-waste disposal facilities in Jinghai, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 105(1): 51-58.
Means, R.T. 2004. Hepcidin and cytokines in anaemia. Hematology 9(5-6): 357-362.
Mo, L.; Zheng, X.; Zhu, C.; Sun, Y.; Yu, L.; Luo, X. & Mai, B. 2019. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in oriental magpie-robins from e-waste, urban, and rural sites: Site-specific biomagnification of POPs. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 186: 109758.
Ngwa, E.N.; Kengne, A.P.; Tiedeu-Atogho, B.; Mofo-Mato, E.P. & Sobngwi, E. 2015. Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome 7(1): 41.
Ohajinwa, C.M.; Van Bodegom, P. M.; Vijver, M.G. & Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. 2017. Health risks awareness of electronic waste workers in the informal sector in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(8): 28805712.
Pantopoulos, K.; Porwal, S.K.; Tartakoff, A. & Devireddy, L. 2012. Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis. Biochemistry 51(29): 5705-5724.
Papanikolaou, G., & Pantopoulos, K. 2005. Iron metabolism and toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 202(2): 199-211.
Peng, J.; Le, C.Y.; Xia, B.; Wang, J.W.; Liu, J.J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, Q.J. & Zhang, Q. 2021. Research on the correlation between activating transcription factor 3 expression in the human coronary artery and atherosclerotic plaque stability. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (21): 356.
Rohini, M.; Haritha Menon, A. & Selvamurugan, N. 2018. Role of activating transcription factor 3 and its interacting proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 120: 310-317.
Scheers, N. (2013). Regulatory effects of Cu, Zn, and Ca on Fe absorption: The intricate play between nutrient transporters. Nutrients 5(3): 957–970.
Sood, V.; Sharma, K.B.; Gupta, V.; Saha, D.; Dhapola, P.; Sharma, M.; Sen, U.; Kitajima, S.; Chowdhury, S.; Kalia, M. & Vrati, S. 2017. ATF3 negatively regulates cellular antiviral signaling and autophagy in the absence of type I interferons. Scientific Reports 7(1): 1-17.
Sousa, C.; Moutinho, C.; Vinha, A.F. & Matos, C. 2019. Trace Minerals in Human Health: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Fluorine. International Journal of Science and Reserch Methodology 13(3): 57-80.
Srigboh, R.K.; Basu, N.; Stephens, J.; Asampong, E.; Perkins, M.; Neitzel, R.L. & Fobil, J. 2016. Multiple elemental exposures amongst workers at the Agbogbloshie electronic waste (e-waste) site in Ghana. Chemosphere 164: 68-74.
Velickova, N. 2017. Environmental impact of heavy metals on the blood cells in professionally exposed workers. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 18(1): 363-374.
Xu, X.; Zeng, X.; Boezen, H.M. & Huo, X. 2015. E-waste environmental contamination and harm to public health in China. Frontiers of Medicine 9(2): 220-228.
Yohannessen, K.; Pinto-Galleguillos, D.; Parra-Giordano, D.; Agost, A.; Valdés, M.; Smith, L. M.; Galen, K.; Arain, A.; Rojas, F.; Neitzel, R.L. & Ruiz-Rudolph, P. 2019. Health assessment of electronic waste workers in chile: Participant characterization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(3): 386.
Zainab, S.A. 2020. Level of some heavy elements in serum and some antioxidants and their relationship with diabetes mellitus among electronic waste exposed in Thi-Qar-Province-Iraq.
Alabi, O.A. & Bakare, A.A. 2011. Genotoxicity and mutagenicity of electronic waste leachates using animal bioassays. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 93(5): 1073-1088.
Arain, A.L. & Neitzel, R.L. 2019. A review of biomarkers used for assessing human exposure to metals from E-waste. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(10): 1802.
Azeh Engwa, G.; Udoka Ferdinand, P.; Nweke Nwalo, F. & N. Unachukwu, M. 2019. Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans. Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog? June.
Bakare, A.A.; Adeyemi, A.O.; Adeyemi, A.; Alabi, O.A. & Osibanjo, O. 2012. Cytogenotoxic effects of electronic waste leachate in Allium cepa. Caryologia 65(2): 94-100.
Bei, Y. 2017. Activating transcription factor 3 in immune response and metabolic regulation. Physiology and Behavior 176(3): 139-148.
Blüher, M. 2019. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 15(5): 288-298.
Bozkir, Ç. 2019. Iron Deficiency Anemia and Diabetes Mellitus. Interventions in Obesity and Diabetes 3(2): 238-240.
Caravanos, J.; Clarke, E.E.; Osei, C.S. & Amoyaw-Osei, Y. 2013. Exploratory Health Assessment of Chemical Exposures at E-Waste Recycling and Scrapyard Facility in Ghana. Journal of Health and Pollution 3(4): 11-22.
Hasim, M.S. & Studies, P. 2019. The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 as a Regulator of DNA-Damaging Chemotherapy Cytotoxicity. Thesis.
Jeffery, R.W. & Utter, J. 2003. The changing environment and population obesity in the United States. Obesity Research 11(Suppl. 1).
Jonathan, P.; Bradley, S. & Peterson, J.A.R. 2008. ATF3 plays a protective role against toxicity by N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin in stable PC12 cell line. Bone 23(1): 1-7.
Joo, J.H.; Ueda, E.; Bortner, C.D.; Yang, X.P.; Liao, G. & Jetten, A.M. 2015. Farnesol activates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis and the ATF4-ATF3-CHOP cascade of ER stress in human T lymphoblastic leukemia Molt4 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 97(3): 256-268.
Khan, S. A. (2016). E-products, E-waste and the Basel convention: Regulatory challenges and impossibilities of international environmental law. Review of European, Comparative and International Environmental Law 25(2): 248-260.
Ku, H.C. & Cheng, C.F. 2020. Master Regulator Activating Transcription Factor 3 (ATF3) in Metabolic Homeostasis and Cancer. Frontiers in Endocrinology 11
Li, K. Q.; Liu, S.S.; Yang, Q.Y.; Zhao, Y.X.; Zuo, J.F.; Li, R.; Jing, Y.Q.; He, X.B.; Qiu, X.H.; Li, G. & Zhu, T. 2014. Genotoxic effects and serum abnormalities in residents of regions proximal to e-waste disposal facilities in Jinghai, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 105(1): 51-58.
Means, R.T. 2004. Hepcidin and cytokines in anaemia. Hematology 9(5-6): 357-362.
Mo, L.; Zheng, X.; Zhu, C.; Sun, Y.; Yu, L.; Luo, X. & Mai, B. 2019. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in oriental magpie-robins from e-waste, urban, and rural sites: Site-specific biomagnification of POPs. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 186: 109758.
Ngwa, E.N.; Kengne, A.P.; Tiedeu-Atogho, B.; Mofo-Mato, E.P. & Sobngwi, E. 2015. Persistent organic pollutants as risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Diabetology and Metabolic Syndrome 7(1): 41.
Ohajinwa, C.M.; Van Bodegom, P. M.; Vijver, M.G. & Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. 2017. Health risks awareness of electronic waste workers in the informal sector in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(8): 28805712.
Pantopoulos, K.; Porwal, S.K.; Tartakoff, A. & Devireddy, L. 2012. Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis. Biochemistry 51(29): 5705-5724.
Papanikolaou, G., & Pantopoulos, K. 2005. Iron metabolism and toxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 202(2): 199-211.
Peng, J.; Le, C.Y.; Xia, B.; Wang, J.W.; Liu, J.J.; Li, Z.; Zhang, Q.J. & Zhang, Q. 2021. Research on the correlation between activating transcription factor 3 expression in the human coronary artery and atherosclerotic plaque stability. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders (21): 356.
Rohini, M.; Haritha Menon, A. & Selvamurugan, N. 2018. Role of activating transcription factor 3 and its interacting proteins under physiological and pathological conditions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 120: 310-317.
Scheers, N. (2013). Regulatory effects of Cu, Zn, and Ca on Fe absorption: The intricate play between nutrient transporters. Nutrients 5(3): 957–970.
Sood, V.; Sharma, K.B.; Gupta, V.; Saha, D.; Dhapola, P.; Sharma, M.; Sen, U.; Kitajima, S.; Chowdhury, S.; Kalia, M. & Vrati, S. 2017. ATF3 negatively regulates cellular antiviral signaling and autophagy in the absence of type I interferons. Scientific Reports 7(1): 1-17.
Sousa, C.; Moutinho, C.; Vinha, A.F. & Matos, C. 2019. Trace Minerals in Human Health: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Fluorine. International Journal of Science and Reserch Methodology 13(3): 57-80.
Srigboh, R.K.; Basu, N.; Stephens, J.; Asampong, E.; Perkins, M.; Neitzel, R.L. & Fobil, J. 2016. Multiple elemental exposures amongst workers at the Agbogbloshie electronic waste (e-waste) site in Ghana. Chemosphere 164: 68-74.
Velickova, N. 2017. Environmental impact of heavy metals on the blood cells in professionally exposed workers. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 18(1): 363-374.
Xu, X.; Zeng, X.; Boezen, H.M. & Huo, X. 2015. E-waste environmental contamination and harm to public health in China. Frontiers of Medicine 9(2): 220-228.
Yohannessen, K.; Pinto-Galleguillos, D.; Parra-Giordano, D.; Agost, A.; Valdés, M.; Smith, L. M.; Galen, K.; Arain, A.; Rojas, F.; Neitzel, R.L. & Ruiz-Rudolph, P. 2019. Health assessment of electronic waste workers in chile: Participant characterization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(3): 386.
Zainab, S.A. 2020. Level of some heavy elements in serum and some antioxidants and their relationship with diabetes mellitus among electronic waste exposed in Thi-Qar-Province-Iraq.