Main Article Content
Abstract
Oil industries pose a threat to the health of workers in the field. The current study was conducted in oil fields in Dhi-Qar Governorate to investigate the crude oil spills’ effect on the workers’ health. A survey questionnaire was used to investigate s group of 100 workers aging from 18-56 years old, and the other study group was 50 people as control group. The daily working time is about 6 to 8 hours for one year to 25 years. The effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on cytochrome P450 enzymes and aryl hydrocarbon receptors in workers compare to the control group, and an increase was found in the concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons, cytochrome 450 (1A1) enzyme and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in those oil field workers. As well as a significant decrease in the level of vitamin D and some hematological parameters in the workers.
Keywords
Oil
PAHs
Cytochrome p450
AHR.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
AL-KINANY, Q. S. H., & ENAYAH, S. H. (2021). The effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on AHR and Cyp450 enzymes in oil field workers in south of Iraq. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 359–363. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i0.715
References
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Abdel-Shafy, H.I. & Mansour, M.S.M. 2016. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25(1): 107-123.
Chandler, P.D.; Chen, W.Y.; Ajala, O.N.; Hazra, A.; Cook, N.; Bubes, V.; Lee, I.M.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Willett, W.; Buring, J.E. & Manson, J.A.E. 2020. Effect of vitamin d3 supplements on development of advanced cancer: A secondary analysis of the vital randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 3(11). e2025850.
Cipa, M.; Gomez, A.Z.; Marku, E. & Vílchez, J.L. 2017. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Serum of Occupational Exposed Workers nearby a Petroleum Refinery in Albania. Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems 4(2): 6-7.
Denison, M.S. & Nagy, S.R. 2003. Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Structurally Diverse Exogenous and Endogenous Chemicals. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 43: 309-334.
Elfaki, I.; Mir, R.; Almutairi, F.M. & Abu Duhier, F.M. 2018. Cytochrome P450: Polymorphisms and roles in cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 19(8): 2057-2070.
Erhabor, O. 2014. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total workers. May.
Igwe, F.U.; Dokubo, A. & Ukpaka, C.P. 2016. Overview of Crude Oil Toxicity: a Potential Health and Environmental Hazard in the Niger Delta. Nigerian Journal Of Oil And Gas Technology 2(2): 94-104.
Kawajiri, K. & Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. 2017. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a multifunctional chemical sensor for host defense and homeostatic maintenance introduction: A short history of TCDD and AHR research. Experimental Animals 66(2016): 75-89.
Khwedim, K. 2016. Crude Oil Spillage and the Impact of Drilling Processes on the Soil at Rumaila Oil Field- Southern Iraq 57(2): 918-929.
Korashy, H.M. & El-Kadi, A.O.S. 2005. Regulatory mechanisms modulating the expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene by heavy metals. Toxicological Sciences 88(1): 39-51.
Lan, Q.; Zhang, L.; Li, G.; Vermeulen, R.; Weinberg, R.S.; Dosemeci, M.; Rappaport, S.M.; Shen, M., Alter, B. P., Wu, Y., Kopp, W., Waidyanatha, S., Rabkin, C., Guo, W., Chanock, S.; Hayes, R.B.; Linet, M.; Kim, S.; Yin, S. & Smith, M.T. 2004. Hematotoxicity in Workers Exposed to Low Levels of Benzene. December, 1774-1776.
Larigot, L.; Juricek, L.; Dairou, J. & Coumoul, X. 2018. AhR signaling pathways and regulatory functions. Biochimie Open 7: 1-9.
Lynch, T. & Price, A. 2007. The effect of cytochrome P450 metabolism on drug response, interactions, and adverse effects. American Family Physician 76(3): 391-396.
Marigómez, I. 2014. Oil, Crude. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3ed) 3: 663-669.
Mihankhah, T.; Saeedi, M. & Karbassi, A. 2020. Contamination and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban dust from different land-uses in the most populated city of Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 187(2019): 109838.
Mimura, J. & Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. 2003. Functional role of AhR in the expression of toxic effects by TCDD. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects, 1619(3): 263-268.
Nair, R. & Maseeh, A. 2012. Vitamin D: The sunshine vitamin. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 3(2): 118-126.
Oesch-Bartlomowicz, B.; Huelster, A.; Wiss, O.; Antoniou-Lipfert, P.; Dietrich, C.; Arand, M.; Weiss, C.; Bockamp, E. & Oesch, F. 2005. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by cAMP vs. dioxin: Divergent signaling pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(26): 9218-9223.
Omidi, M.; Niknahad, H.; Noorafshan, A.; Fardid, R.; Nadimi, E.; Naderi, S.; Bakhtari, A. & Mohammadi-Bardbori, A. 2019. Co-exposure to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor endogenous ligand, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (Ficz), and cadmium induces cardiovascular developmental abnormalities in mice. Biological Trace Element Research 187(2): 442-451.
Price, E.R. & Mager, E.M. 2020. The effects of exposure to crude oil or PAHs on fish swim bladder development and function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part-C: Toxicology and Pharmacology 238.
Saha, N. 2017. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions. In Pharmaceutical Medicine and Translational Clinical Research. Elsevier Inc.
Shankar, K. & Mehendale, H.M. 2014. Cytochrome P450. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3ed). 1: 1125-1127.
Yartireh, H. & Hashemian, A. 2013. The Effect of cccupational exposure to lead on blood hemoglobin concentration in workers of Kermanshah oil refinery. Iranian Journal of Toxicology 6(19): 766-770.
Zhang, S. 2019. Are oil spills an important source of heavy metal contamination in the Bohai Sea , China ? June 2011.
References
Abdel-Shafy, H.I. & Mansour, M.S.M. 2016. A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 25(1): 107-123.
Chandler, P.D.; Chen, W.Y.; Ajala, O.N.; Hazra, A.; Cook, N.; Bubes, V.; Lee, I.M.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Willett, W.; Buring, J.E. & Manson, J.A.E. 2020. Effect of vitamin d3 supplements on development of advanced cancer: A secondary analysis of the vital randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 3(11). e2025850.
Cipa, M.; Gomez, A.Z.; Marku, E. & Vílchez, J.L. 2017. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Serum of Occupational Exposed Workers nearby a Petroleum Refinery in Albania. Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems 4(2): 6-7.
Denison, M.S. & Nagy, S.R. 2003. Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Structurally Diverse Exogenous and Endogenous Chemicals. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 43: 309-334.
Elfaki, I.; Mir, R.; Almutairi, F.M. & Abu Duhier, F.M. 2018. Cytochrome P450: Polymorphisms and roles in cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 19(8): 2057-2070.
Erhabor, O. 2014. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total workers. May.
Igwe, F.U.; Dokubo, A. & Ukpaka, C.P. 2016. Overview of Crude Oil Toxicity: a Potential Health and Environmental Hazard in the Niger Delta. Nigerian Journal Of Oil And Gas Technology 2(2): 94-104.
Kawajiri, K. & Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. 2017. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a multifunctional chemical sensor for host defense and homeostatic maintenance introduction: A short history of TCDD and AHR research. Experimental Animals 66(2016): 75-89.
Khwedim, K. 2016. Crude Oil Spillage and the Impact of Drilling Processes on the Soil at Rumaila Oil Field- Southern Iraq 57(2): 918-929.
Korashy, H.M. & El-Kadi, A.O.S. 2005. Regulatory mechanisms modulating the expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene by heavy metals. Toxicological Sciences 88(1): 39-51.
Lan, Q.; Zhang, L.; Li, G.; Vermeulen, R.; Weinberg, R.S.; Dosemeci, M.; Rappaport, S.M.; Shen, M., Alter, B. P., Wu, Y., Kopp, W., Waidyanatha, S., Rabkin, C., Guo, W., Chanock, S.; Hayes, R.B.; Linet, M.; Kim, S.; Yin, S. & Smith, M.T. 2004. Hematotoxicity in Workers Exposed to Low Levels of Benzene. December, 1774-1776.
Larigot, L.; Juricek, L.; Dairou, J. & Coumoul, X. 2018. AhR signaling pathways and regulatory functions. Biochimie Open 7: 1-9.
Lynch, T. & Price, A. 2007. The effect of cytochrome P450 metabolism on drug response, interactions, and adverse effects. American Family Physician 76(3): 391-396.
Marigómez, I. 2014. Oil, Crude. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3ed) 3: 663-669.
Mihankhah, T.; Saeedi, M. & Karbassi, A. 2020. Contamination and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban dust from different land-uses in the most populated city of Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 187(2019): 109838.
Mimura, J. & Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. 2003. Functional role of AhR in the expression of toxic effects by TCDD. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects, 1619(3): 263-268.
Nair, R. & Maseeh, A. 2012. Vitamin D: The sunshine vitamin. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 3(2): 118-126.
Oesch-Bartlomowicz, B.; Huelster, A.; Wiss, O.; Antoniou-Lipfert, P.; Dietrich, C.; Arand, M.; Weiss, C.; Bockamp, E. & Oesch, F. 2005. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by cAMP vs. dioxin: Divergent signaling pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(26): 9218-9223.
Omidi, M.; Niknahad, H.; Noorafshan, A.; Fardid, R.; Nadimi, E.; Naderi, S.; Bakhtari, A. & Mohammadi-Bardbori, A. 2019. Co-exposure to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor endogenous ligand, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (Ficz), and cadmium induces cardiovascular developmental abnormalities in mice. Biological Trace Element Research 187(2): 442-451.
Price, E.R. & Mager, E.M. 2020. The effects of exposure to crude oil or PAHs on fish swim bladder development and function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part-C: Toxicology and Pharmacology 238.
Saha, N. 2017. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions. In Pharmaceutical Medicine and Translational Clinical Research. Elsevier Inc.
Shankar, K. & Mehendale, H.M. 2014. Cytochrome P450. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3ed). 1: 1125-1127.
Yartireh, H. & Hashemian, A. 2013. The Effect of cccupational exposure to lead on blood hemoglobin concentration in workers of Kermanshah oil refinery. Iranian Journal of Toxicology 6(19): 766-770.
Zhang, S. 2019. Are oil spills an important source of heavy metal contamination in the Bohai Sea , China ? June 2011.
Chandler, P.D.; Chen, W.Y.; Ajala, O.N.; Hazra, A.; Cook, N.; Bubes, V.; Lee, I.M.; Giovannucci, E.L.; Willett, W.; Buring, J.E. & Manson, J.A.E. 2020. Effect of vitamin d3 supplements on development of advanced cancer: A secondary analysis of the vital randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 3(11). e2025850.
Cipa, M.; Gomez, A.Z.; Marku, E. & Vílchez, J.L. 2017. Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Serum of Occupational Exposed Workers nearby a Petroleum Refinery in Albania. Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems 4(2): 6-7.
Denison, M.S. & Nagy, S.R. 2003. Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Structurally Diverse Exogenous and Endogenous Chemicals. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 43: 309-334.
Elfaki, I.; Mir, R.; Almutairi, F.M. & Abu Duhier, F.M. 2018. Cytochrome P450: Polymorphisms and roles in cancer, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 19(8): 2057-2070.
Erhabor, O. 2014. Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and total workers. May.
Igwe, F.U.; Dokubo, A. & Ukpaka, C.P. 2016. Overview of Crude Oil Toxicity: a Potential Health and Environmental Hazard in the Niger Delta. Nigerian Journal Of Oil And Gas Technology 2(2): 94-104.
Kawajiri, K. & Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. 2017. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a multifunctional chemical sensor for host defense and homeostatic maintenance introduction: A short history of TCDD and AHR research. Experimental Animals 66(2016): 75-89.
Khwedim, K. 2016. Crude Oil Spillage and the Impact of Drilling Processes on the Soil at Rumaila Oil Field- Southern Iraq 57(2): 918-929.
Korashy, H.M. & El-Kadi, A.O.S. 2005. Regulatory mechanisms modulating the expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene by heavy metals. Toxicological Sciences 88(1): 39-51.
Lan, Q.; Zhang, L.; Li, G.; Vermeulen, R.; Weinberg, R.S.; Dosemeci, M.; Rappaport, S.M.; Shen, M., Alter, B. P., Wu, Y., Kopp, W., Waidyanatha, S., Rabkin, C., Guo, W., Chanock, S.; Hayes, R.B.; Linet, M.; Kim, S.; Yin, S. & Smith, M.T. 2004. Hematotoxicity in Workers Exposed to Low Levels of Benzene. December, 1774-1776.
Larigot, L.; Juricek, L.; Dairou, J. & Coumoul, X. 2018. AhR signaling pathways and regulatory functions. Biochimie Open 7: 1-9.
Lynch, T. & Price, A. 2007. The effect of cytochrome P450 metabolism on drug response, interactions, and adverse effects. American Family Physician 76(3): 391-396.
Marigómez, I. 2014. Oil, Crude. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3ed) 3: 663-669.
Mihankhah, T.; Saeedi, M. & Karbassi, A. 2020. Contamination and cancer risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban dust from different land-uses in the most populated city of Iran. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 187(2019): 109838.
Mimura, J. & Fujii-Kuriyama, Y. 2003. Functional role of AhR in the expression of toxic effects by TCDD. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-General Subjects, 1619(3): 263-268.
Nair, R. & Maseeh, A. 2012. Vitamin D: The sunshine vitamin. Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 3(2): 118-126.
Oesch-Bartlomowicz, B.; Huelster, A.; Wiss, O.; Antoniou-Lipfert, P.; Dietrich, C.; Arand, M.; Weiss, C.; Bockamp, E. & Oesch, F. 2005. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by cAMP vs. dioxin: Divergent signaling pathways. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(26): 9218-9223.
Omidi, M.; Niknahad, H.; Noorafshan, A.; Fardid, R.; Nadimi, E.; Naderi, S.; Bakhtari, A. & Mohammadi-Bardbori, A. 2019. Co-exposure to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor endogenous ligand, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (Ficz), and cadmium induces cardiovascular developmental abnormalities in mice. Biological Trace Element Research 187(2): 442-451.
Price, E.R. & Mager, E.M. 2020. The effects of exposure to crude oil or PAHs on fish swim bladder development and function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part-C: Toxicology and Pharmacology 238.
Saha, N. 2017. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions. In Pharmaceutical Medicine and Translational Clinical Research. Elsevier Inc.
Shankar, K. & Mehendale, H.M. 2014. Cytochrome P450. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3ed). 1: 1125-1127.
Yartireh, H. & Hashemian, A. 2013. The Effect of cccupational exposure to lead on blood hemoglobin concentration in workers of Kermanshah oil refinery. Iranian Journal of Toxicology 6(19): 766-770.
Zhang, S. 2019. Are oil spills an important source of heavy metal contamination in the Bohai Sea , China ? June 2011.