Main Article Content
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the necrosis of myocardial tissue caused by a decrease in blood oxygen supply caused by a critical blockage of the coronary arteries by embolus or thrombus. MI with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) is associated with complete occlusive in the coronary artery resulting in the death of myocardial tissue, and is the worst form of ACS. This study aimed to compare the biochemical markers of myocardial infarction patients with and without ST elevation, which is an essential step for the proper management of patients. Based on the result, in STEMI complication patients with diabetes show a highly significant increase in AST, LDH, CK-MB and Troponin compared to NSTEMI patients. While patients without diabetes, show highly increase in AST and troponin compared to NSTEMI patients. In disease groups with (ACS) complication, in the case of STEMI, diabetes patients show a significant increase in all biomarkers except Vitamin D and Mg compared to the patients without diabetes. In the case of NSTEMI, diabetes patients show a significant increase in FBS, HbA1C, CK-MB, Troponin, urea, and creatinine compared to the patients without diabetes. The study showed a significant difference in biomarkers between patients having MI with and without diabetes according to forms of acute coronary syndrome STEMI compared to NSTEMI.
Keywords
Acute coronary syndrome
STEMI
NSTEMI
Cardiac biomarkers.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
MOHAMMED, N. Y., ALJAZAEARI, Q. A., & ABDULLAH, Z. A. (2021). Investigation of biomarkers for coronary syndrome complications in patients with and without diabetes in Basra Province. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 330–336. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i0.703
References
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Ali, F.; Naqvi, S.A.S.; Bismillah, M. & Wajid, N. 2016. Comparative analysis of biochemical parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic acute myocardial infarction patients. Indian Heart Journal 68(3): 325-331.
Attachaipanich, T. & Krittayaphong, R. 2019. Fragmented QRS as a predictor of in-hospital life-threatening arrhythmic complications in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 24(1): 1-8.
Aydin, S.; Ugur, K.; Aydin, S.; Sahin, İ. & Yardim, M. 2019. Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction: Current perspectives. Vascular Health and Risk Management 15: 1-10.
Berezin, A.E. 2016. Biomarkers for cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Heart, 102(24): 1939-1941.
Chung, M.J. & Brown, D.L. 2018. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac Intensive Care (Third Edit, Issue 1). Elsevier Inc.
Daga, L.C., Kaul, U., & Mansoor, A. 2011. Approach to STEMI and NSTEMI. Journal of Association of Physicians of India 59(12 SPEC. ISSUE): 19-25.
Danese, E. & Montagnana, M. 2016. An historical approach to the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome. Annals of Translational Medicine 4(10).
Huang, Y.; Hu, D.; Huang, C. & Nichols, C.G. 2019. Genetic Discovery of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in Cardiovascular Diseases. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 12(5): 1-11.
Isiksacan, N.; Biyik, I.; Opan, S.; Caglar, F.N.T.; Erturk, M.; Yazan, S.; Kasapoglu, P.; Karabulut, D.; Kocamaz, N.; Yildirim, M.R.; Baycan, O.F.; Ozalp, B.; Karakurt, H. & Akturk, I.F. 2019. Effect of age and gender differences on high-sensitive troponin T measurement in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Laboratory Medicine 43(1): 35-40.
Judd, S.E. & Tangpricha, V. 2009. Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 338(1): 40-44.
Kang, S.H.; Jung, D.J.; Choi, E.W.; Cho, K.H.; Park, J.W. & Do, J.Y. 2015. HbA1c levels are associated with chronic kidney disease in a non-diabetic adult population: A nationwide survey (KNHANES 2011-2013). PLoS ONE 10(12), 1-11.
Kingma, J.G. 2018. Myocardial Infarction: An Overview of STEMI and NSTEMI Physiopathology and Treatment. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 08(11): 498-517.
Kolte, D.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Khera, S.; Sica, D.A. & Frishman, W.H. 2014. Role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiology in Review 22(4), 182-192.
Legarth, C.; Grimm, D.; Krüger, M.; Wehland, M. & Infanger, M. 2020. Potential beneficial effects of vitamin d in coronary artery disease. Nutrients 12(1): 1-22.
Malakar, A.K.; Choudhury, D.; Halder, B.; Paul, P.; Uddin, A. & Chakraborty, S. 2019. A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. Journal of Cellular Physiology 234(10): 16812-16823.
Mitsis, A. & Gragnano, F. 2021. Myocardial Infarction with and without ST-segment Elevation: a Contemporary Reappraisal of Similarities and Differences. Current Cardiology Reviews 17(4): e230421189013.
Ndrepepa, G. 2021. Aspartate aminotransferase and cardiovascular disease—a narrative review. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine 6(8): 6-6.
Plantinga, L.C.; Crews, D.C.; Coresh, J.; Miller, E.R.; Saran, R.; Yee, J.; Hedgeman, E.; Pavkov, M.; Eberhardt, M.S.; Williams, D.E. & Powe, N.R. 2010. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5(4): 673-682.
Polak-Iwaniuk, A.; Harasim-Symbor, E.; Gołaszewska, K. & Chabowski, A. 2019. How hypertension affects heart metabolism. Frontiers in Physiology 10(MAR): 1-13.
Rahmawati, Safri, Z. & Hasan, R. 2018. Relationship Mean Platelet Volume ( Move ) With Number of Coronary Artery lesions On Acute Coronary Syndrome. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) 7(3): 29-38.
Rusdiana, Savira, M., Syahputra, M., & Santoso, A. (2018). Creatinine plasma at uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus and controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at primary health care in Binjai city, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 125(1).
Sekunda, K.N.; Limantoro, C. & Setiawan, A.A. 2021. Difference In Profiles Of Oxidative Stress Marker ( Mda ) In Stemi And. 10(2).
Shabgah, A.G.; Qasim, M.T.; Mostafavi, S.M.; Zekiy, A.O.; Ezzatifar, F.; Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Sharma, A.K. & Singh, C. 2020. Treatment with Ethanolic Extract of Senna Auriculata , P . emblica . L ., Syzygium cumini ( L .) Skeels used by Rural Areas of Rajasthan State , India on Diabetic Complications like Nephropathy and Cardiomyopathy in Rats.
Sherwani, S.I.; Khan, H.A.; Ekhzaimy, A.; Masood, A. & Sakharkar, M.K. 2016. Significance of HbA1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients. Biomarker Insights 11: 95-104.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell biology international.
Thygesen, K.; Alpert, J.S.; Jaffe, A.S.; Chaitman, B.R.; Bax, J.J.; Morrow, D.A. & White, H. D. 2018. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72(18): 2231-2264.
Tsibulnikov, S.Y.; Maslov, L.N.; Gorbunov, A.S.; Voronkov, N.S.; Boshchenko, A.A.; Popov, S.V.; Prokudina, E.S.; Singh, N. & Downey, J.M. 2019. A review of humoral factors in remote preconditioning of the heart. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24(5): 403-421.
Virani, S.S.; Alonso, A.; Benjamin, E.J.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Callaway, C.W.; Carson, A.P.; Chamberlain, A.M.; Chang, A.R.; Cheng, S.; Delling, F.N.; Djousse, L.; Elkind, M.S.V.; Ferguson, J.F.; Fornage, M.; Khan, S.S.; Kissela, B.M.; Knutson, K.L.; Kwan, T.W.,; Lackland, D.T. & Heard, D.G. 2020. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. In Circulation.
Volpe, S.L. 2013. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Advances in Nutrition 4(3).
Wanamaker, B.L.; Seth, M.M.; Sukul, D.; Dixon, S.R.; Bhatt, D.L.; Madder, R.D.; Rumsfeld, J.S. & Gurm, H.S. 2019. Relationship between troponin on presentation and in hospital mortality in patients with st-segment–elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of the American Heart Association 8(19), 1-9.
Wright, T.J. & Davis, R.W. 2015. Myoglobin oxygen affinity in aquatic and terrestrial birds and mammals. Journal of Experimental Biology 218(14): 2180-2189.
Zhang, L.; Kang, Y.; Fu, P.; Cao, Y.; Shi, Y.; Liu, F.; Hu, Z.; Su, B.; Tang, W. & Qin, W. 2012. Myoglobin clearance by continuous venous-venous haemofiltration in rhabdomyolysis with acute kidney injury: A case series. Injury 43(5): 619-623.
References
Ali, F.; Naqvi, S.A.S.; Bismillah, M. & Wajid, N. 2016. Comparative analysis of biochemical parameters in diabetic and non-diabetic acute myocardial infarction patients. Indian Heart Journal 68(3): 325-331.
Attachaipanich, T. & Krittayaphong, R. 2019. Fragmented QRS as a predictor of in-hospital life-threatening arrhythmic complications in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 24(1): 1-8.
Aydin, S.; Ugur, K.; Aydin, S.; Sahin, İ. & Yardim, M. 2019. Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction: Current perspectives. Vascular Health and Risk Management 15: 1-10.
Berezin, A.E. 2016. Biomarkers for cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Heart, 102(24): 1939-1941.
Chung, M.J. & Brown, D.L. 2018. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac Intensive Care (Third Edit, Issue 1). Elsevier Inc.
Daga, L.C., Kaul, U., & Mansoor, A. 2011. Approach to STEMI and NSTEMI. Journal of Association of Physicians of India 59(12 SPEC. ISSUE): 19-25.
Danese, E. & Montagnana, M. 2016. An historical approach to the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome. Annals of Translational Medicine 4(10).
Huang, Y.; Hu, D.; Huang, C. & Nichols, C.G. 2019. Genetic Discovery of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in Cardiovascular Diseases. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 12(5): 1-11.
Isiksacan, N.; Biyik, I.; Opan, S.; Caglar, F.N.T.; Erturk, M.; Yazan, S.; Kasapoglu, P.; Karabulut, D.; Kocamaz, N.; Yildirim, M.R.; Baycan, O.F.; Ozalp, B.; Karakurt, H. & Akturk, I.F. 2019. Effect of age and gender differences on high-sensitive troponin T measurement in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Laboratory Medicine 43(1): 35-40.
Judd, S.E. & Tangpricha, V. 2009. Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 338(1): 40-44.
Kang, S.H.; Jung, D.J.; Choi, E.W.; Cho, K.H.; Park, J.W. & Do, J.Y. 2015. HbA1c levels are associated with chronic kidney disease in a non-diabetic adult population: A nationwide survey (KNHANES 2011-2013). PLoS ONE 10(12), 1-11.
Kingma, J.G. 2018. Myocardial Infarction: An Overview of STEMI and NSTEMI Physiopathology and Treatment. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 08(11): 498-517.
Kolte, D.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Khera, S.; Sica, D.A. & Frishman, W.H. 2014. Role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiology in Review 22(4), 182-192.
Legarth, C.; Grimm, D.; Krüger, M.; Wehland, M. & Infanger, M. 2020. Potential beneficial effects of vitamin d in coronary artery disease. Nutrients 12(1): 1-22.
Malakar, A.K.; Choudhury, D.; Halder, B.; Paul, P.; Uddin, A. & Chakraborty, S. 2019. A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. Journal of Cellular Physiology 234(10): 16812-16823.
Mitsis, A. & Gragnano, F. 2021. Myocardial Infarction with and without ST-segment Elevation: a Contemporary Reappraisal of Similarities and Differences. Current Cardiology Reviews 17(4): e230421189013.
Ndrepepa, G. 2021. Aspartate aminotransferase and cardiovascular disease—a narrative review. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine 6(8): 6-6.
Plantinga, L.C.; Crews, D.C.; Coresh, J.; Miller, E.R.; Saran, R.; Yee, J.; Hedgeman, E.; Pavkov, M.; Eberhardt, M.S.; Williams, D.E. & Powe, N.R. 2010. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5(4): 673-682.
Polak-Iwaniuk, A.; Harasim-Symbor, E.; Gołaszewska, K. & Chabowski, A. 2019. How hypertension affects heart metabolism. Frontiers in Physiology 10(MAR): 1-13.
Rahmawati, Safri, Z. & Hasan, R. 2018. Relationship Mean Platelet Volume ( Move ) With Number of Coronary Artery lesions On Acute Coronary Syndrome. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) 7(3): 29-38.
Rusdiana, Savira, M., Syahputra, M., & Santoso, A. (2018). Creatinine plasma at uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus and controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at primary health care in Binjai city, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 125(1).
Sekunda, K.N.; Limantoro, C. & Setiawan, A.A. 2021. Difference In Profiles Of Oxidative Stress Marker ( Mda ) In Stemi And. 10(2).
Shabgah, A.G.; Qasim, M.T.; Mostafavi, S.M.; Zekiy, A.O.; Ezzatifar, F.; Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Sharma, A.K. & Singh, C. 2020. Treatment with Ethanolic Extract of Senna Auriculata , P . emblica . L ., Syzygium cumini ( L .) Skeels used by Rural Areas of Rajasthan State , India on Diabetic Complications like Nephropathy and Cardiomyopathy in Rats.
Sherwani, S.I.; Khan, H.A.; Ekhzaimy, A.; Masood, A. & Sakharkar, M.K. 2016. Significance of HbA1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients. Biomarker Insights 11: 95-104.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell biology international.
Thygesen, K.; Alpert, J.S.; Jaffe, A.S.; Chaitman, B.R.; Bax, J.J.; Morrow, D.A. & White, H. D. 2018. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72(18): 2231-2264.
Tsibulnikov, S.Y.; Maslov, L.N.; Gorbunov, A.S.; Voronkov, N.S.; Boshchenko, A.A.; Popov, S.V.; Prokudina, E.S.; Singh, N. & Downey, J.M. 2019. A review of humoral factors in remote preconditioning of the heart. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24(5): 403-421.
Virani, S.S.; Alonso, A.; Benjamin, E.J.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Callaway, C.W.; Carson, A.P.; Chamberlain, A.M.; Chang, A.R.; Cheng, S.; Delling, F.N.; Djousse, L.; Elkind, M.S.V.; Ferguson, J.F.; Fornage, M.; Khan, S.S.; Kissela, B.M.; Knutson, K.L.; Kwan, T.W.,; Lackland, D.T. & Heard, D.G. 2020. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. In Circulation.
Volpe, S.L. 2013. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Advances in Nutrition 4(3).
Wanamaker, B.L.; Seth, M.M.; Sukul, D.; Dixon, S.R.; Bhatt, D.L.; Madder, R.D.; Rumsfeld, J.S. & Gurm, H.S. 2019. Relationship between troponin on presentation and in hospital mortality in patients with st-segment–elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of the American Heart Association 8(19), 1-9.
Wright, T.J. & Davis, R.W. 2015. Myoglobin oxygen affinity in aquatic and terrestrial birds and mammals. Journal of Experimental Biology 218(14): 2180-2189.
Zhang, L.; Kang, Y.; Fu, P.; Cao, Y.; Shi, Y.; Liu, F.; Hu, Z.; Su, B.; Tang, W. & Qin, W. 2012. Myoglobin clearance by continuous venous-venous haemofiltration in rhabdomyolysis with acute kidney injury: A case series. Injury 43(5): 619-623.
Attachaipanich, T. & Krittayaphong, R. 2019. Fragmented QRS as a predictor of in-hospital life-threatening arrhythmic complications in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology 24(1): 1-8.
Aydin, S.; Ugur, K.; Aydin, S.; Sahin, İ. & Yardim, M. 2019. Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction: Current perspectives. Vascular Health and Risk Management 15: 1-10.
Berezin, A.E. 2016. Biomarkers for cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. Heart, 102(24): 1939-1941.
Chung, M.J. & Brown, D.L. 2018. Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Cardiac Intensive Care (Third Edit, Issue 1). Elsevier Inc.
Daga, L.C., Kaul, U., & Mansoor, A. 2011. Approach to STEMI and NSTEMI. Journal of Association of Physicians of India 59(12 SPEC. ISSUE): 19-25.
Danese, E. & Montagnana, M. 2016. An historical approach to the diagnostic biomarkers of acute coronary syndrome. Annals of Translational Medicine 4(10).
Huang, Y.; Hu, D.; Huang, C. & Nichols, C.G. 2019. Genetic Discovery of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in Cardiovascular Diseases. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology 12(5): 1-11.
Isiksacan, N.; Biyik, I.; Opan, S.; Caglar, F.N.T.; Erturk, M.; Yazan, S.; Kasapoglu, P.; Karabulut, D.; Kocamaz, N.; Yildirim, M.R.; Baycan, O.F.; Ozalp, B.; Karakurt, H. & Akturk, I.F. 2019. Effect of age and gender differences on high-sensitive troponin T measurement in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Laboratory Medicine 43(1): 35-40.
Judd, S.E. & Tangpricha, V. 2009. Vitamin D deficiency and risk for cardiovascular disease. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 338(1): 40-44.
Kang, S.H.; Jung, D.J.; Choi, E.W.; Cho, K.H.; Park, J.W. & Do, J.Y. 2015. HbA1c levels are associated with chronic kidney disease in a non-diabetic adult population: A nationwide survey (KNHANES 2011-2013). PLoS ONE 10(12), 1-11.
Kingma, J.G. 2018. Myocardial Infarction: An Overview of STEMI and NSTEMI Physiopathology and Treatment. World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 08(11): 498-517.
Kolte, D.; Vijayaraghavan, K.; Khera, S.; Sica, D.A. & Frishman, W.H. 2014. Role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiology in Review 22(4), 182-192.
Legarth, C.; Grimm, D.; Krüger, M.; Wehland, M. & Infanger, M. 2020. Potential beneficial effects of vitamin d in coronary artery disease. Nutrients 12(1): 1-22.
Malakar, A.K.; Choudhury, D.; Halder, B.; Paul, P.; Uddin, A. & Chakraborty, S. 2019. A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. Journal of Cellular Physiology 234(10): 16812-16823.
Mitsis, A. & Gragnano, F. 2021. Myocardial Infarction with and without ST-segment Elevation: a Contemporary Reappraisal of Similarities and Differences. Current Cardiology Reviews 17(4): e230421189013.
Ndrepepa, G. 2021. Aspartate aminotransferase and cardiovascular disease—a narrative review. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine 6(8): 6-6.
Plantinga, L.C.; Crews, D.C.; Coresh, J.; Miller, E.R.; Saran, R.; Yee, J.; Hedgeman, E.; Pavkov, M.; Eberhardt, M.S.; Williams, D.E. & Powe, N.R. 2010. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 5(4): 673-682.
Polak-Iwaniuk, A.; Harasim-Symbor, E.; Gołaszewska, K. & Chabowski, A. 2019. How hypertension affects heart metabolism. Frontiers in Physiology 10(MAR): 1-13.
Rahmawati, Safri, Z. & Hasan, R. 2018. Relationship Mean Platelet Volume ( Move ) With Number of Coronary Artery lesions On Acute Coronary Syndrome. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) 7(3): 29-38.
Rusdiana, Savira, M., Syahputra, M., & Santoso, A. (2018). Creatinine plasma at uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus and controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at primary health care in Binjai city, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 125(1).
Sekunda, K.N.; Limantoro, C. & Setiawan, A.A. 2021. Difference In Profiles Of Oxidative Stress Marker ( Mda ) In Stemi And. 10(2).
Shabgah, A.G.; Qasim, M.T.; Mostafavi, S.M.; Zekiy, A.O.; Ezzatifar, F.; Ahmadi, M. & Navashenaq, J.G. 2021. CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 23.
Sharma, A.K. & Singh, C. 2020. Treatment with Ethanolic Extract of Senna Auriculata , P . emblica . L ., Syzygium cumini ( L .) Skeels used by Rural Areas of Rajasthan State , India on Diabetic Complications like Nephropathy and Cardiomyopathy in Rats.
Sherwani, S.I.; Khan, H.A.; Ekhzaimy, A.; Masood, A. & Sakharkar, M.K. 2016. Significance of HbA1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients. Biomarker Insights 11: 95-104.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of oxygen–ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell biology international.
Thygesen, K.; Alpert, J.S.; Jaffe, A.S.; Chaitman, B.R.; Bax, J.J.; Morrow, D.A. & White, H. D. 2018. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 72(18): 2231-2264.
Tsibulnikov, S.Y.; Maslov, L.N.; Gorbunov, A.S.; Voronkov, N.S.; Boshchenko, A.A.; Popov, S.V.; Prokudina, E.S.; Singh, N. & Downey, J.M. 2019. A review of humoral factors in remote preconditioning of the heart. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24(5): 403-421.
Virani, S.S.; Alonso, A.; Benjamin, E.J.; Bittencourt, M.S.; Callaway, C.W.; Carson, A.P.; Chamberlain, A.M.; Chang, A.R.; Cheng, S.; Delling, F.N.; Djousse, L.; Elkind, M.S.V.; Ferguson, J.F.; Fornage, M.; Khan, S.S.; Kissela, B.M.; Knutson, K.L.; Kwan, T.W.,; Lackland, D.T. & Heard, D.G. 2020. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. In Circulation.
Volpe, S.L. 2013. Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Advances in Nutrition 4(3).
Wanamaker, B.L.; Seth, M.M.; Sukul, D.; Dixon, S.R.; Bhatt, D.L.; Madder, R.D.; Rumsfeld, J.S. & Gurm, H.S. 2019. Relationship between troponin on presentation and in hospital mortality in patients with st-segment–elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Journal of the American Heart Association 8(19), 1-9.
Wright, T.J. & Davis, R.W. 2015. Myoglobin oxygen affinity in aquatic and terrestrial birds and mammals. Journal of Experimental Biology 218(14): 2180-2189.
Zhang, L.; Kang, Y.; Fu, P.; Cao, Y.; Shi, Y.; Liu, F.; Hu, Z.; Su, B.; Tang, W. & Qin, W. 2012. Myoglobin clearance by continuous venous-venous haemofiltration in rhabdomyolysis with acute kidney injury: A case series. Injury 43(5): 619-623.