Main Article Content
Abstract
Ethanol (Eth. ext.), flavonoid (F. ext.), and anthocyanin (A. ext.) extracts of sumac fruits (Rhus coriaria) were performed. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Eth. ext. exhibited the existence of saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides. In vitro, antioxidant evaluation for all prepared extracts was implemented using assays of β- carotene-linoleic acid, H2O2 scavenging and reducing power (RP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Also, the total contents of flavonoids and phenols were performed. The most potent antioxidant activity was observed in A. ext. followed by Eth. ext., and then F. ext. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in Eth. ext. TAC was declined with elevating boiling time, storage, and pH. Eth. ext. revealed antibacterial activity being strong against S. auras and E. coli at all utilized concentrations. Nevertheless, all extracts revealed a realistic and concentration-dependent inhibitory influence. Temperature and pH influence on TAC for Eth. ext. as a case study was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM).
Keywords
Rhus coriaria
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Response surface methodology.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
ISSA, N. K. (2021). In vitro antioxidant characterization, optimization and antibacterial activity evaluation of Iraqi sumac, Rhus coriaria, fruits extracts. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 211–221. Retrieved from http://www.ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/010030
References
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Al-Muwaly, K.Y.; Al-Flayeh, K.A. & Ali, A. 2013. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects of Iraqi sumac (Rhus coriaria L). Baghdad Science Journal 10(3): 921-933.
Akrayi, H.F.S., & Abdullrahman, Z.F.A. 2013. Screening in vitro and in vivo the antibacterial activity of Rhus coriaria extract against S. aureus. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied 15(3): 390-397.
Arabshahi, D.S.; Devi, D.V. & Urooj, A. 2007. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some plant extracts and their heat, pH and storage stability. Food Chemistry 100(3): 1100-1105.
Arabshahi-Delouee, S. & Urooj, A. 2007. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. Food Chemistry 102(4): 1233-1240.
Badi, H.N.; Yazdani, D.; Ali, S.M. & Nazari, F. 2004. Effects of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. Industrial Crops and Products 19(3): 231-236.
Banso, A. 2009. Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(2): 082-085.
Barriere, C.; Centeno, D.; Lebert, A.; Leroy-Setrin, S.; Berdague, J.L. & Talon, R. 2001. Roles of superoxide dismutase and catalase of Staphylococcus xylosus in the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. FEMS Microbiology Letters 201(2): 181-185.
Beretta, G.; Rossoni, G.; Santagati, N.A. & Facino, R.M. 2009. Anti-ischemic activity and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect of hydrolysable tannins from the leaves of Rhus coriaria (Sumac) in isolated rabbit heart and thoracic aorta. Planta Medica 75(14): 1482-1488.
Capcarova, M.; Slamecka, J.; Abbas, K.; Kolesarova, A.; Kalafova, A.; Valent, M. & Massanyi, P. 2012. Effects of dietary inclusion of Rhus coriaria on internal milieu of rabbits. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96(3): 459-465.
Chang, C.C.; Yang, M.H.; Wen, H.M. & Chern, J.C. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10(3).
Cowan, M.M. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12(4): 564-582.
Elaydi, K.; Kamal, I.; Bedoui, A. & Allaf, K. 2015. Innovative Process of Texturing-Assisted Solvent Extraction: Impacts on Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Tannins and Antioxidant of Henna 5: 403-416.
Fossen, T. & Andersen, Ø.M. 2006. Spectroscopic techniques applied to flavonoids. Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications 37-142.
Furtado, P.; Figueiredo, P.; das Neves, H.C. & Pina, F. 1993. Photochemical and thermal degradation of anthocyanidins. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 75(2): 113-118.
Garzón, G.A. & Wrolstad, R.E. 2009. Major anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of Nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus). Food Chemistry 114(1): 44-49.
Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2007. USDA, Beltsville, USA.
Gülçın, İ.; Oktay, M.; Kıreçcı, E. & Küfrevıoǧlu, Ö.İ. 2003. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry 83(3): 371-382.
Gündüz, G.T.; Gönül, Ş.A. & Karapinar, M. 2010. Efficacy of sumac and oregano in the inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium on tomatoes. International Journal of Food Microbiology 141(1-2): 39-44.
Harborne, J.B. 1984. Phytochemical Methods, New York, Wiley, 1-70.
Hsu, C.Y. 2006. Antioxidant activity of extract from Polygonum aviculare L. Biological Research 39(2): 281-288.
Issa, N.K. & Abd-Aljabar, R.S. 2013. Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Morus nigra L. Fruit Extracts (II). Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 147(916): 1-8.
Jakobek, L.; Seruga, M.; Novak, I. & Medvidovic-Kosanovic, M. 2007. Flavonols, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of some red fruits. Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau 103(8): 369-377.
Kaur, C. & Kapoor, H.C. 2002. Anti‐oxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 37(2): 153-161.
Kokate, C.K.; Purohit, A.P. & Gokhale, S.B. 1995. Pharmacognosy. 3rd Ed. Pune, Nirali Prakashan.
Kossah, R.; Nsabimana, C.; Zhao, J.; Chen, H.; Tian, F.; Zhang, H. & Chen, W. 2009. Comparative study on the chemical composition of Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8(10): 1570-1574.
Kossah, R.; Nsabimana, C.; Zhang, H. & Chen, W. 2010. Optimization of extraction of polyphenols from Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Research Journal of Phytochemistry 4(3): 146-153.
Króliczewska, B.; Miśta, D.; Zawadzki, W.; Wypchło, A. & Króliczewski, J. 2011. Effects of a skullcap root supplement on haematology, serum parameters and antioxidant enzymes in rabbits on a high‐cholesterol diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95(1): 114-124.
Kumaran, A. & Karunakaran, R.J. 2007. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT-Food Science and Technology 40(2): 344-352.
Laleh, G.H.; Frydoonfar, H.; Heidary, R.; Jameei, R. & Zare, S. 2006. The effect of light, temperature, pH and species on stability of anthocyanin pigments in four Berberis species. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(1): 90-92.
Marco, G.J. 1968. A rapid method for evaluation of antioxidants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 45(9): 594-598.
Miliauskas, G.; Venskutonis, P.R. & Van Beek, T.A. 2004. Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry 85(2): 231-237.
Nasar-Abbas, S.M. & Halkman, A.K. 2004. Antimicrobial effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) on the growth of some food borne bacteria including pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology 97(1): 63-69.
Nasar‐Abbas, S.M.; Kadir Halkman, A. & Al‐Haq, M. I. 2004. Inhibition of some foodborne bacteria by alcohol extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.). Journal of Food Safety 24(4): 257-267.
Oktay, M.; Gülçin, İ. & Küfrevioğlu, Ö.İ. 2003. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT-Food Science and Technology 36(2): 263-271.
Özcan, M. & Haciseferogullari, H. 2004. A condiment [sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits]: some physicochemical properties. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 30(3-4): 74-84.
Paech, K. & Tracey, M.V. 2013). Modern Methods of Plant Analysis/Moderne Methoden der Pflanzenanalyse: Volume 2 (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media.
Pachanawan, A.; Phumkhachorn, P. & Rattanachaikunsopon, P. 2008. Potential of Psidium guajava supplemented fish diets in controlling Aeromonas hydrophila infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 106(5): 419-424.
Park, Y.K.; Koo, M.H.; Ikegaki, M. & Contado, J.O.S.E. 1997. Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 97-106.
Piper, J.T.; Singhal, S.S.; Salameh, M.S.; Torman, R.T.; Awasthi, Y.C. & Awasthi, S. 1998. Mechanisms of anticarcinogenic properties of curcumin: the effect of curcumin on glutathione linked detoxification enzymes in rat liver. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 30(4): 445-456.
Prieto, P.; Pineda, M. & Aguilar, M. 1999. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry 269(2): 337-341.
Rayne, S. & Mazza, G. 2007. Biological activities of extracts from sumac (Rhus spp.): a review. Nature Proceedings 1-1.
Ruby, A.J.; Kuttan, G.; Babu, K.D.; Rajasekharan, K.N. & Kuttan, R. 1995. Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer Letters 94(1): 79-83.
Ruch, R.J.; Cheng, S.J. & Klaunig, J.E. 1989. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis 10(6): 1003-1008.
Schoefs, B. 2004. Determination of pigments in vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A 1054(1-2): 217-226.
Slinkard, K. & Singleton, V.L. 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 28(1): 49-55.
Statistical Analysis System. 2001. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. The USA.
Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J.H. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. Principles and Procedures of Statistics.
Su, X.Y.; Wang, Z.Y. & Liu, J.R. 2009. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of Pinus koraiensis seed extract containing phenolic compounds. Food Chemistry 117(4): 681-686.
Tsai, S.Y.; Huang, S.J. & Mau, J.L. 2006. Antioxidant properties of hot water extracts from Agrocybe cylindracea. Food Chemistry 98(4): 670-677.
Türkoğlu, A.; Duru, M.E. & Mercan, N. 2007. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Russula delica Fr: An Edidle wild mushroom.
Yıldırım, A.; Mavi, A. & Kara, A.A. 2001. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rumex crispus L. extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(8): 4083-4089.
Yen, G.C. & Chen, H.Y. 1995. Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43(1): 27-32.
References
Al-Muwaly, K.Y.; Al-Flayeh, K.A. & Ali, A. 2013. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects of Iraqi sumac (Rhus coriaria L). Baghdad Science Journal 10(3): 921-933.
Akrayi, H.F.S., & Abdullrahman, Z.F.A. 2013. Screening in vitro and in vivo the antibacterial activity of Rhus coriaria extract against S. aureus. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied 15(3): 390-397.
Arabshahi, D.S.; Devi, D.V. & Urooj, A. 2007. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some plant extracts and their heat, pH and storage stability. Food Chemistry 100(3): 1100-1105.
Arabshahi-Delouee, S. & Urooj, A. 2007. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. Food Chemistry 102(4): 1233-1240.
Badi, H.N.; Yazdani, D.; Ali, S.M. & Nazari, F. 2004. Effects of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. Industrial Crops and Products 19(3): 231-236.
Banso, A. 2009. Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(2): 082-085.
Barriere, C.; Centeno, D.; Lebert, A.; Leroy-Setrin, S.; Berdague, J.L. & Talon, R. 2001. Roles of superoxide dismutase and catalase of Staphylococcus xylosus in the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. FEMS Microbiology Letters 201(2): 181-185.
Beretta, G.; Rossoni, G.; Santagati, N.A. & Facino, R.M. 2009. Anti-ischemic activity and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect of hydrolysable tannins from the leaves of Rhus coriaria (Sumac) in isolated rabbit heart and thoracic aorta. Planta Medica 75(14): 1482-1488.
Capcarova, M.; Slamecka, J.; Abbas, K.; Kolesarova, A.; Kalafova, A.; Valent, M. & Massanyi, P. 2012. Effects of dietary inclusion of Rhus coriaria on internal milieu of rabbits. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96(3): 459-465.
Chang, C.C.; Yang, M.H.; Wen, H.M. & Chern, J.C. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10(3).
Cowan, M.M. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12(4): 564-582.
Elaydi, K.; Kamal, I.; Bedoui, A. & Allaf, K. 2015. Innovative Process of Texturing-Assisted Solvent Extraction: Impacts on Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Tannins and Antioxidant of Henna 5: 403-416.
Fossen, T. & Andersen, Ø.M. 2006. Spectroscopic techniques applied to flavonoids. Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications 37-142.
Furtado, P.; Figueiredo, P.; das Neves, H.C. & Pina, F. 1993. Photochemical and thermal degradation of anthocyanidins. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 75(2): 113-118.
Garzón, G.A. & Wrolstad, R.E. 2009. Major anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of Nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus). Food Chemistry 114(1): 44-49.
Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2007. USDA, Beltsville, USA.
Gülçın, İ.; Oktay, M.; Kıreçcı, E. & Küfrevıoǧlu, Ö.İ. 2003. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry 83(3): 371-382.
Gündüz, G.T.; Gönül, Ş.A. & Karapinar, M. 2010. Efficacy of sumac and oregano in the inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium on tomatoes. International Journal of Food Microbiology 141(1-2): 39-44.
Harborne, J.B. 1984. Phytochemical Methods, New York, Wiley, 1-70.
Hsu, C.Y. 2006. Antioxidant activity of extract from Polygonum aviculare L. Biological Research 39(2): 281-288.
Issa, N.K. & Abd-Aljabar, R.S. 2013. Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Morus nigra L. Fruit Extracts (II). Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 147(916): 1-8.
Jakobek, L.; Seruga, M.; Novak, I. & Medvidovic-Kosanovic, M. 2007. Flavonols, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of some red fruits. Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau 103(8): 369-377.
Kaur, C. & Kapoor, H.C. 2002. Anti‐oxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 37(2): 153-161.
Kokate, C.K.; Purohit, A.P. & Gokhale, S.B. 1995. Pharmacognosy. 3rd Ed. Pune, Nirali Prakashan.
Kossah, R.; Nsabimana, C.; Zhao, J.; Chen, H.; Tian, F.; Zhang, H. & Chen, W. 2009. Comparative study on the chemical composition of Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8(10): 1570-1574.
Kossah, R.; Nsabimana, C.; Zhang, H. & Chen, W. 2010. Optimization of extraction of polyphenols from Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Research Journal of Phytochemistry 4(3): 146-153.
Króliczewska, B.; Miśta, D.; Zawadzki, W.; Wypchło, A. & Króliczewski, J. 2011. Effects of a skullcap root supplement on haematology, serum parameters and antioxidant enzymes in rabbits on a high‐cholesterol diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95(1): 114-124.
Kumaran, A. & Karunakaran, R.J. 2007. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT-Food Science and Technology 40(2): 344-352.
Laleh, G.H.; Frydoonfar, H.; Heidary, R.; Jameei, R. & Zare, S. 2006. The effect of light, temperature, pH and species on stability of anthocyanin pigments in four Berberis species. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(1): 90-92.
Marco, G.J. 1968. A rapid method for evaluation of antioxidants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 45(9): 594-598.
Miliauskas, G.; Venskutonis, P.R. & Van Beek, T.A. 2004. Screening of radical scavenging activity of some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts. Food Chemistry 85(2): 231-237.
Nasar-Abbas, S.M. & Halkman, A.K. 2004. Antimicrobial effect of water extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) on the growth of some food borne bacteria including pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology 97(1): 63-69.
Nasar‐Abbas, S.M.; Kadir Halkman, A. & Al‐Haq, M. I. 2004. Inhibition of some foodborne bacteria by alcohol extract of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.). Journal of Food Safety 24(4): 257-267.
Oktay, M.; Gülçin, İ. & Küfrevioğlu, Ö.İ. 2003. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT-Food Science and Technology 36(2): 263-271.
Özcan, M. & Haciseferogullari, H. 2004. A condiment [sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) fruits]: some physicochemical properties. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 30(3-4): 74-84.
Paech, K. & Tracey, M.V. 2013). Modern Methods of Plant Analysis/Moderne Methoden der Pflanzenanalyse: Volume 2 (Vol. 2). Springer Science & Business Media.
Pachanawan, A.; Phumkhachorn, P. & Rattanachaikunsopon, P. 2008. Potential of Psidium guajava supplemented fish diets in controlling Aeromonas hydrophila infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 106(5): 419-424.
Park, Y.K.; Koo, M.H.; Ikegaki, M. & Contado, J.O.S.E. 1997. Comparison of the flavonoid aglycone contents of Apis mellifera propolis from various regions of Brazil. Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia 97-106.
Piper, J.T.; Singhal, S.S.; Salameh, M.S.; Torman, R.T.; Awasthi, Y.C. & Awasthi, S. 1998. Mechanisms of anticarcinogenic properties of curcumin: the effect of curcumin on glutathione linked detoxification enzymes in rat liver. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 30(4): 445-456.
Prieto, P.; Pineda, M. & Aguilar, M. 1999. Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analytical Biochemistry 269(2): 337-341.
Rayne, S. & Mazza, G. 2007. Biological activities of extracts from sumac (Rhus spp.): a review. Nature Proceedings 1-1.
Ruby, A.J.; Kuttan, G.; Babu, K.D.; Rajasekharan, K.N. & Kuttan, R. 1995. Anti-tumour and antioxidant activity of natural curcuminoids. Cancer Letters 94(1): 79-83.
Ruch, R.J.; Cheng, S.J. & Klaunig, J.E. 1989. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis 10(6): 1003-1008.
Schoefs, B. 2004. Determination of pigments in vegetables. Journal of Chromatography A 1054(1-2): 217-226.
Slinkard, K. & Singleton, V.L. 1977. Total phenol analysis: automation and comparison with manual methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 28(1): 49-55.
Statistical Analysis System. 2001. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. The USA.
Steel, R.G.D. & Torrie, J.H. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. Principles and Procedures of Statistics.
Su, X.Y.; Wang, Z.Y. & Liu, J.R. 2009. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of Pinus koraiensis seed extract containing phenolic compounds. Food Chemistry 117(4): 681-686.
Tsai, S.Y.; Huang, S.J. & Mau, J.L. 2006. Antioxidant properties of hot water extracts from Agrocybe cylindracea. Food Chemistry 98(4): 670-677.
Türkoğlu, A.; Duru, M.E. & Mercan, N. 2007. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Russula delica Fr: An Edidle wild mushroom.
Yıldırım, A.; Mavi, A. & Kara, A.A. 2001. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rumex crispus L. extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49(8): 4083-4089.
Yen, G.C. & Chen, H.Y. 1995. Antioxidant activity of various tea extracts in relation to their antimutagenicity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43(1): 27-32.
Akrayi, H.F.S., & Abdullrahman, Z.F.A. 2013. Screening in vitro and in vivo the antibacterial activity of Rhus coriaria extract against S. aureus. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied 15(3): 390-397.
Arabshahi, D.S.; Devi, D.V. & Urooj, A. 2007. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of some plant extracts and their heat, pH and storage stability. Food Chemistry 100(3): 1100-1105.
Arabshahi-Delouee, S. & Urooj, A. 2007. Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaves. Food Chemistry 102(4): 1233-1240.
Badi, H.N.; Yazdani, D.; Ali, S.M. & Nazari, F. 2004. Effects of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in thyme, Thymus vulgaris L. Industrial Crops and Products 19(3): 231-236.
Banso, A. 2009. Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of bark extracts of Acacia nilotica. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(2): 082-085.
Barriere, C.; Centeno, D.; Lebert, A.; Leroy-Setrin, S.; Berdague, J.L. & Talon, R. 2001. Roles of superoxide dismutase and catalase of Staphylococcus xylosus in the inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. FEMS Microbiology Letters 201(2): 181-185.
Beretta, G.; Rossoni, G.; Santagati, N.A. & Facino, R.M. 2009. Anti-ischemic activity and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect of hydrolysable tannins from the leaves of Rhus coriaria (Sumac) in isolated rabbit heart and thoracic aorta. Planta Medica 75(14): 1482-1488.
Capcarova, M.; Slamecka, J.; Abbas, K.; Kolesarova, A.; Kalafova, A.; Valent, M. & Massanyi, P. 2012. Effects of dietary inclusion of Rhus coriaria on internal milieu of rabbits. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96(3): 459-465.
Chang, C.C.; Yang, M.H.; Wen, H.M. & Chern, J.C. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 10(3).
Cowan, M.M. 1999. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12(4): 564-582.
Elaydi, K.; Kamal, I.; Bedoui, A. & Allaf, K. 2015. Innovative Process of Texturing-Assisted Solvent Extraction: Impacts on Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Tannins and Antioxidant of Henna 5: 403-416.
Fossen, T. & Andersen, Ø.M. 2006. Spectroscopic techniques applied to flavonoids. Flavonoids: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications 37-142.
Furtado, P.; Figueiredo, P.; das Neves, H.C. & Pina, F. 1993. Photochemical and thermal degradation of anthocyanidins. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 75(2): 113-118.
Garzón, G.A. & Wrolstad, R.E. 2009. Major anthocyanins and antioxidant activity of Nasturtium flowers (Tropaeolum majus). Food Chemistry 114(1): 44-49.
Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2007. USDA, Beltsville, USA.
Gülçın, İ.; Oktay, M.; Kıreçcı, E. & Küfrevıoǧlu, Ö.İ. 2003. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry 83(3): 371-382.
Gündüz, G.T.; Gönül, Ş.A. & Karapinar, M. 2010. Efficacy of sumac and oregano in the inactivation of Salmonella Typhimurium on tomatoes. International Journal of Food Microbiology 141(1-2): 39-44.
Harborne, J.B. 1984. Phytochemical Methods, New York, Wiley, 1-70.
Hsu, C.Y. 2006. Antioxidant activity of extract from Polygonum aviculare L. Biological Research 39(2): 281-288.
Issa, N.K. & Abd-Aljabar, R.S. 2013. Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties of Morus nigra L. Fruit Extracts (II). Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 147(916): 1-8.
Jakobek, L.; Seruga, M.; Novak, I. & Medvidovic-Kosanovic, M. 2007. Flavonols, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity of some red fruits. Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau 103(8): 369-377.
Kaur, C. & Kapoor, H.C. 2002. Anti‐oxidant activity and total phenolic content of some Asian vegetables. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 37(2): 153-161.
Kokate, C.K.; Purohit, A.P. & Gokhale, S.B. 1995. Pharmacognosy. 3rd Ed. Pune, Nirali Prakashan.
Kossah, R.; Nsabimana, C.; Zhao, J.; Chen, H.; Tian, F.; Zhang, H. & Chen, W. 2009. Comparative study on the chemical composition of Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8(10): 1570-1574.
Kossah, R.; Nsabimana, C.; Zhang, H. & Chen, W. 2010. Optimization of extraction of polyphenols from Syrian sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and Chinese sumac (Rhus typhina L.) fruits. Research Journal of Phytochemistry 4(3): 146-153.
Króliczewska, B.; Miśta, D.; Zawadzki, W.; Wypchło, A. & Króliczewski, J. 2011. Effects of a skullcap root supplement on haematology, serum parameters and antioxidant enzymes in rabbits on a high‐cholesterol diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95(1): 114-124.
Kumaran, A. & Karunakaran, R.J. 2007. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT-Food Science and Technology 40(2): 344-352.
Laleh, G.H.; Frydoonfar, H.; Heidary, R.; Jameei, R. & Zare, S. 2006. The effect of light, temperature, pH and species on stability of anthocyanin pigments in four Berberis species. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(1): 90-92.
Marco, G.J. 1968. A rapid method for evaluation of antioxidants. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 45(9): 594-598.
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