Main Article Content
Abstract
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a recessive bimodal autosomal genetic trait among human populations where some people are taster while other non-tester of PTC. The information of this trait important for genetics, anthropologists, biologists, and maybe to clinicians. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the frequency of PTC in Arab Baghdadi population. A total of 1000 individuals apparently healthy were examined for the trait of tasters and non-tasters using PTC taste strips. Based on the results, of 1000 were tasters 690 (69%) and 310 (31%) non-tasters and who carry the homozygotes recessive (tt) which represented as q and dominants homozygote was represented as p in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, and the allele frequency of q (t) was 0.556 and p (T) was 0.444and according to Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, the heterozygotes are represented by the 2pq were (0.494) and the number of heterozygotes individuals were calculated 494.
Keywords
Phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)
Arab population
Baghdad
Iraq.
Article Details
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The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
MAGTOOPH, M. G., ALUBADI, A. E. M., & IBRAHIM, I. F. (2021). Prevalence of Phenylthiocarbamide taste among the Arab Baghdadi population. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 200–204. Retrieved from http://www.ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/010028
References
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Aarzoo, S.S. & Afzal, M. 2005. Gene diversity in some Muslim populations of North India. Human Biology 77(3): 343-353.
Agrawal, A.; Tiwari, A.K.; Mehta, N.; Bhattacharya, P.; Wankhede, R.; Tulsiani, S. & Kamath, S. 2014. ABO and Rh (D) group distribution and gene frequency; the first multicentric study in India. Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 8(2): 121.
Alimba, C.G.; Adekoya, K.O. & Oboh, B.O. 2010. Prevalence and gene frequencies of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity, ABO and Rhesus factor (Rh) blood groups, and haemoglobin variants among a Nigerian population. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 11(2): 153-158.
Bökesoy, I. & Togan, I. 1987. Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide in Turkey. Gene Geography: A Computerized Bulletin on Human Gene Frequencies 1(2): 99-101.
Doty, R.L. & De Fonte, T.P. 2016. Relationship of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taster status to olfactory and gustatory function in patients with chemosensory disturbances. Chemical Senses 41(8): 685-696.
Drayna, D.; Coon, H.; Kim, U.K.; Elsner, T.; Cromer, K.; Otterud, B. & Leppert, M. 2003. Genetic analysis of a complex trait in the Utah Genetic Reference Project: a major locus for PTC taste ability on chromosome 7q and a secondary locus on chromosome 16p. Human Genetics, 112(5): 567-572.
Drewnowski, A.; Henderson, S.A. & Barratt-Fornell, A. 2001. Genetic taste makers and food preferences. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 29(4): 535-538.
Fareed, M.; Shah, A.; Hussain, R. & Afzal, M. 2012. Genetic study of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception among six human populations of Jammu and Kashmir (India). Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 13(2): 161-166.
Guo, S.W. & Reed, D.R. 2001. The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception. Annals of Human Biology 28(2): 111-142.
Hussain, R.; Ahsana, S H.A.H. & Afzal, M. 2014. Prevalence and genetic analysis of bitter taste perception for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) among some Muslim populations of Uttar Pradesh, India. Iranian Journal of Public Health 43(4): 441.
Hussain, R.; Shah, A.; Fareed, M. & Afzal, M. 2013. Gene diversity analysis and microdifferentiation process in north Indian Muslim populations. Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology 9: 15-25.
Igbeneghu, C.; Owoeye, Y. & Akanni, E.O. 2014. Association between phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception and falciparum malaria infection in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Annual Research & Review in Biology 2295-2301.
Kim, U.K.; Jorgenson, E.; Coon, H.; Leppert, M.; Risch, N. & Drayna, D. 2003. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 299(5610): 1221-1225.
Leite, I.C.R.; dos Santos Júnior, J.C.; de Sousa, C.C.S.; Lima, A.V. & Miranda-Vilela, A.L. 2018. Recognition of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in taste test is related to blood group B phenotype, females, and risk of developing food allergy: a cross-sectional Brazilian-based study. Nutrition Research 52: 22-38.
Mueller, K.L.; Hoon, M.A.; Erlenbach, I.; Chandrashekar, J.; Zuker, C.S. & Ryba, N.J. 2005. The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste. Nature 434(7030): 225-229.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H. K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Shivaprasad, H.S.; Chaithra, P.T.; Kavitha, P. & Malini, S.S. 201). Role of phenylthiocarbamide as a genetic marker in predicting the predisposition of disease traits in humans. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine 3(1): 43.
Suzuki-Hashido, N.; Hayakawa, T.; Matsui, A.; Go, Y.; Ishimaru, Y.; Misaka, T.; Abe, K.; Hirai, H.; Satta, Y. & Imai, H. 2015. Rapid Expansion of Phenylthiocarbamide Non-Tasters among Japanese Macaques. PloS one 10(7): e0132016.
Tan, J.; Abrol, R.; Trzaskowski, B. & Goddard III, W.A. 2012. 3D structure prediction of TAS2R38 bitter receptors bound to agonist’s phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52(7): 1875-1885.
Veluswami, D.; Meena, B.A.; Latha, S.; Fathima, I.G.; Soundariya, K. & Selvi, K.S. 2015. A study on prevalence of phenyl thiocarbamide (PTC) taste blindness among obese individuals. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 9(5): CC04.
References
Aarzoo, S.S. & Afzal, M. 2005. Gene diversity in some Muslim populations of North India. Human Biology 77(3): 343-353.
Agrawal, A.; Tiwari, A.K.; Mehta, N.; Bhattacharya, P.; Wankhede, R.; Tulsiani, S. & Kamath, S. 2014. ABO and Rh (D) group distribution and gene frequency; the first multicentric study in India. Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 8(2): 121.
Alimba, C.G.; Adekoya, K.O. & Oboh, B.O. 2010. Prevalence and gene frequencies of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity, ABO and Rhesus factor (Rh) blood groups, and haemoglobin variants among a Nigerian population. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 11(2): 153-158.
Bökesoy, I. & Togan, I. 1987. Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide in Turkey. Gene Geography: A Computerized Bulletin on Human Gene Frequencies 1(2): 99-101.
Doty, R.L. & De Fonte, T.P. 2016. Relationship of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taster status to olfactory and gustatory function in patients with chemosensory disturbances. Chemical Senses 41(8): 685-696.
Drayna, D.; Coon, H.; Kim, U.K.; Elsner, T.; Cromer, K.; Otterud, B. & Leppert, M. 2003. Genetic analysis of a complex trait in the Utah Genetic Reference Project: a major locus for PTC taste ability on chromosome 7q and a secondary locus on chromosome 16p. Human Genetics, 112(5): 567-572.
Drewnowski, A.; Henderson, S.A. & Barratt-Fornell, A. 2001. Genetic taste makers and food preferences. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 29(4): 535-538.
Fareed, M.; Shah, A.; Hussain, R. & Afzal, M. 2012. Genetic study of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception among six human populations of Jammu and Kashmir (India). Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 13(2): 161-166.
Guo, S.W. & Reed, D.R. 2001. The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception. Annals of Human Biology 28(2): 111-142.
Hussain, R.; Ahsana, S H.A.H. & Afzal, M. 2014. Prevalence and genetic analysis of bitter taste perception for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) among some Muslim populations of Uttar Pradesh, India. Iranian Journal of Public Health 43(4): 441.
Hussain, R.; Shah, A.; Fareed, M. & Afzal, M. 2013. Gene diversity analysis and microdifferentiation process in north Indian Muslim populations. Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology 9: 15-25.
Igbeneghu, C.; Owoeye, Y. & Akanni, E.O. 2014. Association between phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception and falciparum malaria infection in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Annual Research & Review in Biology 2295-2301.
Kim, U.K.; Jorgenson, E.; Coon, H.; Leppert, M.; Risch, N. & Drayna, D. 2003. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 299(5610): 1221-1225.
Leite, I.C.R.; dos Santos Júnior, J.C.; de Sousa, C.C.S.; Lima, A.V. & Miranda-Vilela, A.L. 2018. Recognition of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in taste test is related to blood group B phenotype, females, and risk of developing food allergy: a cross-sectional Brazilian-based study. Nutrition Research 52: 22-38.
Mueller, K.L.; Hoon, M.A.; Erlenbach, I.; Chandrashekar, J.; Zuker, C.S. & Ryba, N.J. 2005. The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste. Nature 434(7030): 225-229.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H. K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Shivaprasad, H.S.; Chaithra, P.T.; Kavitha, P. & Malini, S.S. 201). Role of phenylthiocarbamide as a genetic marker in predicting the predisposition of disease traits in humans. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine 3(1): 43.
Suzuki-Hashido, N.; Hayakawa, T.; Matsui, A.; Go, Y.; Ishimaru, Y.; Misaka, T.; Abe, K.; Hirai, H.; Satta, Y. & Imai, H. 2015. Rapid Expansion of Phenylthiocarbamide Non-Tasters among Japanese Macaques. PloS one 10(7): e0132016.
Tan, J.; Abrol, R.; Trzaskowski, B. & Goddard III, W.A. 2012. 3D structure prediction of TAS2R38 bitter receptors bound to agonist’s phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52(7): 1875-1885.
Veluswami, D.; Meena, B.A.; Latha, S.; Fathima, I.G.; Soundariya, K. & Selvi, K.S. 2015. A study on prevalence of phenyl thiocarbamide (PTC) taste blindness among obese individuals. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 9(5): CC04.
Agrawal, A.; Tiwari, A.K.; Mehta, N.; Bhattacharya, P.; Wankhede, R.; Tulsiani, S. & Kamath, S. 2014. ABO and Rh (D) group distribution and gene frequency; the first multicentric study in India. Asian Journal of Transfusion Science 8(2): 121.
Alimba, C.G.; Adekoya, K.O. & Oboh, B.O. 2010. Prevalence and gene frequencies of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste sensitivity, ABO and Rhesus factor (Rh) blood groups, and haemoglobin variants among a Nigerian population. Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 11(2): 153-158.
Bökesoy, I. & Togan, I. 1987. Taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide in Turkey. Gene Geography: A Computerized Bulletin on Human Gene Frequencies 1(2): 99-101.
Doty, R.L. & De Fonte, T.P. 2016. Relationship of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taster status to olfactory and gustatory function in patients with chemosensory disturbances. Chemical Senses 41(8): 685-696.
Drayna, D.; Coon, H.; Kim, U.K.; Elsner, T.; Cromer, K.; Otterud, B. & Leppert, M. 2003. Genetic analysis of a complex trait in the Utah Genetic Reference Project: a major locus for PTC taste ability on chromosome 7q and a secondary locus on chromosome 16p. Human Genetics, 112(5): 567-572.
Drewnowski, A.; Henderson, S.A. & Barratt-Fornell, A. 2001. Genetic taste makers and food preferences. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 29(4): 535-538.
Fareed, M.; Shah, A.; Hussain, R. & Afzal, M. 2012. Genetic study of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception among six human populations of Jammu and Kashmir (India). Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics 13(2): 161-166.
Guo, S.W. & Reed, D.R. 2001. The genetics of phenylthiocarbamide perception. Annals of Human Biology 28(2): 111-142.
Hussain, R.; Ahsana, S H.A.H. & Afzal, M. 2014. Prevalence and genetic analysis of bitter taste perception for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) among some Muslim populations of Uttar Pradesh, India. Iranian Journal of Public Health 43(4): 441.
Hussain, R.; Shah, A.; Fareed, M. & Afzal, M. 2013. Gene diversity analysis and microdifferentiation process in north Indian Muslim populations. Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology 9: 15-25.
Igbeneghu, C.; Owoeye, Y. & Akanni, E.O. 2014. Association between phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) taste perception and falciparum malaria infection in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Annual Research & Review in Biology 2295-2301.
Kim, U.K.; Jorgenson, E.; Coon, H.; Leppert, M.; Risch, N. & Drayna, D. 2003. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide. Science 299(5610): 1221-1225.
Leite, I.C.R.; dos Santos Júnior, J.C.; de Sousa, C.C.S.; Lima, A.V. & Miranda-Vilela, A.L. 2018. Recognition of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in taste test is related to blood group B phenotype, females, and risk of developing food allergy: a cross-sectional Brazilian-based study. Nutrition Research 52: 22-38.
Mueller, K.L.; Hoon, M.A.; Erlenbach, I.; Chandrashekar, J.; Zuker, C.S. & Ryba, N.J. 2005. The receptors and coding logic for bitter taste. Nature 434(7030): 225-229.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H. K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Shivaprasad, H.S.; Chaithra, P.T.; Kavitha, P. & Malini, S.S. 201). Role of phenylthiocarbamide as a genetic marker in predicting the predisposition of disease traits in humans. Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine 3(1): 43.
Suzuki-Hashido, N.; Hayakawa, T.; Matsui, A.; Go, Y.; Ishimaru, Y.; Misaka, T.; Abe, K.; Hirai, H.; Satta, Y. & Imai, H. 2015. Rapid Expansion of Phenylthiocarbamide Non-Tasters among Japanese Macaques. PloS one 10(7): e0132016.
Tan, J.; Abrol, R.; Trzaskowski, B. & Goddard III, W.A. 2012. 3D structure prediction of TAS2R38 bitter receptors bound to agonist’s phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 52(7): 1875-1885.
Veluswami, D.; Meena, B.A.; Latha, S.; Fathima, I.G.; Soundariya, K. & Selvi, K.S. 2015. A study on prevalence of phenyl thiocarbamide (PTC) taste blindness among obese individuals. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR 9(5): CC04.