Main Article Content
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine that is central to the development of autoimmune disease, cancer, and protection against infectious pathogens. A case-control study was conducted in the AL HUSSAIN Teaching General hospital in Thi-Qar governorate with a total of 190 individuals involved in the current study, 95 of them were infected with SARC COV 2, and 95 were healthy as control group. Serum was collected from each of them to assess the levels of The, TNFα, INFα, ferritin, D- dimer. TNF-α level increased significantly (P<0.05) (67, 50.6 and 15.25Pg/L), IFN-γ level significantly reduced (P<0.05) (21, 17 and 6.2IU/L), serum ferritin was significantly increased (P<0.05) (685.2, 395, and 87ng/ml). At the last one D dimer (1.7, 0.9 and 0.05mg/L) in the both patient groups (infected and non-infected) and healthy persons. The mean of TNFα, INFα concentration were higher in patients than control group (P<0.05).
Keywords
SARS COV 2
TNFα
INFα
Ferritin
D-dimer.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
ABED, R. E., & AL-SALIH, M. (2021). Estimation of levels of TNF α, INF α related with serum levels of Ferritin and D-Dimer the prognosis of SARS COV 2 infection. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8, 78–87. Retrieved from http://www.ijichthyol.org/index.php/iji/article/view/010011
References
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Agrati, C.; Sacchi, A.; Bordoni, V.; Cimini, E.; Notari, S.; Grassi, G. & Ippolito, G. 2020. Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Cell Death & Differentiation 27(11): 3196-3207.
AL-Naely, A.J.; Qasim, M.T. & Al-Hamadawi, H.A. 2021. Transfusion of Blood Components in the Newborn Service of the Hospital. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 952-958.
Al-Salih, M.; Samsudin, S.; Alsalih, S.W.; Arshad, S.S.; Warid, F.; Sfoog, A.A..& Roomi, A.B. 2020. Identify human cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), a new target of SARS-CoV-2 invasion. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(2).
Alsalih, M.; Roomi, A.B.; Samsudin, S.; Arshad, S.S.; Ziainol, I. & Warid, F. 2020. Vicissitudes in cellular immune related to anti-tnf-alpha therapy, and some clinical investigation induces by infliximab in covid 19 patients. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12: 2264-2278.
Aslam, S. & Mehra, M.R. 2020. COVID-19: yet another coronavirus challenge in transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 39(5): 408-409.
Barnard, M.R.; Linden, M.D.; Frelinger, A.L.; Li, Y.; Fox, M. L.; Furman, M.I. & Lutter, R. 2006. Myeloid biology. Clinical Oncology 24: 2975-2977.
Bone, R.C.; Grodzin, C.J. & Balk, R.A. 1997. Sepsis: a new hypothesis for pathogenesis of the disease process. Chest 112(1): 235-243.
Booth, C.; Inusa, B. & Obaro, S.K. 2010. Infection in sickle cell disease: a review. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14(1): e2-e12.
Cappellini, N.; Cohen, A.; Eleftheriou, A.; Piga, A. & Porter, J. 2000. Iron Overload. Guidelines for the Clinical Management of thalassemia: Thalassemia International Federation 21-35.
Chen, S.; Huang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Yu, W.; Zhang, H.; Li, K. & Jin, H. 2017. Sulphur dioxide suppresses inflammatory response by sulphenylating NF-κB p65 at Cys38 in a rat model of acute lung injury. Clinical Science 131(21): 2655-2670.
Chowdhury, S.F. & Anwar, S. 2020. Management of hemoglobin disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Medicine 7: 306.
De Biasi, S.; Meschiari, M.; Gibellini, L.; Bellinazzi, C.; Borella, R.; Fidanza, L. & Cossarizza, A. 2020. Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Nature Communications 11(1): 1-17.
Gonzalez, F.; Thusu, K.; Abdel-Rahman, E.; Prabhala, A.; Tomani, M. & Dandona, P. 1999. Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 48(4): 437-441.
Guan, W.J.; Liang, W.H.; Zhao, Y.; Liang, H.R.; Chen, Z.S.; Li, Y.M. & He, J.X. 2020. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. European Respiratory Journal 55(5).
Karimi, M. & De Sanctis, V. 2020. Implications of SARSr-CoV 2 infection in thalassemias: Do patients fall into the “high clinical risk” category? Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis 91(2): 50.
Levine, B.; Kalman, J.; Mayer, L.; Fillit, H.M. & Packer, M. 1990. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 323(4): 236-241.
Liu, W. & Li, H. 2020. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porhyrin to Inhibit Heme Metabolism. Am Chem Soc.
Mousa, H.M. & Qasim, M.T. 2015. Microbial Infection and IL-6 Urine Levels for Pregnant women in Thi-Qar Province. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(05): 358-365.
Pettilä, V.; Hynninen, M.; Takkunen, O.; Kuusela, P. & Valtonen, M. 2002. Predictive value of procalcitonin and interleukin 6 in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis. Intensive care medicine 28(9): 1220-1225.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and Gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. The immunological and protective role of Baicalin in male rats treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1234(1): 012065.
Shapouri-Moghaddam, A.; Mohammadian, S.; Vazini, H.; Taghadosi, M.; Esmaeili, S.A.; Mardani, F. & Sahebkar, A. 2018. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. Journal of Cellular Physiology 233(9): 6425-6440
Shorr, A.F.; Thomas, S.J.; Alkins, S.A.; Fitzpatrick, T.M. & Ling, G.S. 2002. D-dimer correlates with proinflammatory cytokine levels and outcomes in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4): 1262-1268.
Sunzel, B.O.; Hlm, S. & Reuterving, C.O. 2005. The effect of zinc on bacterial phagocytosis, killing and cytoprotection in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. APMIS 105: 635-44.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of Oxygen‐Ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International.
Wang, D.; Hu, B.; Hu, C.; Zhu, F.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. & Peng, Z. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama 323(11): 1061-1069
Wichmann, D.; Sperhake, J.P.; Lütgehetmann, M.; Steurer, S.; Edler, C.; Heinemann, A. & Kluge, S. 2020. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine 173(4): 268-277.
Yin, S.; Huang, M.; Li, D. & Tang, N. 2020. Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1-4.
Yu, B.; Li, X.; Chen, J.; Ouyang, M.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, X. & Tang, J. 2020. Evaluation of variation in D-dimer levels among COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 50(3): 548-557.
Mohammed, Z.I. & Qasim, M.T. 2021. Correlation of AMH and LH Levels in PCOS Patients with Pregnancy Rate. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 945-951.
Zhang, L.; Yan, X.; Fan, Q.; Liu, H.; Liu, X.; Liu, Z. & Zhang, Z. 2020. D‐dimer levels on admission to predict in‐hospital mortality in patients with Covid‐19. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 18(6): 1324-1329.
Zhou, R.; To, K.K.W.; Wong, Y.C.; Liu, L.; Zhou, B.; Li, X. & Chen, Z. 2020. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs dendritic cell and T cell responses. Immunity 53(4): 864-877.
References
Agrati, C.; Sacchi, A.; Bordoni, V.; Cimini, E.; Notari, S.; Grassi, G. & Ippolito, G. 2020. Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Cell Death & Differentiation 27(11): 3196-3207.
AL-Naely, A.J.; Qasim, M.T. & Al-Hamadawi, H.A. 2021. Transfusion of Blood Components in the Newborn Service of the Hospital. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 952-958.
Al-Salih, M.; Samsudin, S.; Alsalih, S.W.; Arshad, S.S.; Warid, F.; Sfoog, A.A..& Roomi, A.B. 2020. Identify human cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), a new target of SARS-CoV-2 invasion. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(2).
Alsalih, M.; Roomi, A.B.; Samsudin, S.; Arshad, S.S.; Ziainol, I. & Warid, F. 2020. Vicissitudes in cellular immune related to anti-tnf-alpha therapy, and some clinical investigation induces by infliximab in covid 19 patients. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12: 2264-2278.
Aslam, S. & Mehra, M.R. 2020. COVID-19: yet another coronavirus challenge in transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 39(5): 408-409.
Barnard, M.R.; Linden, M.D.; Frelinger, A.L.; Li, Y.; Fox, M. L.; Furman, M.I. & Lutter, R. 2006. Myeloid biology. Clinical Oncology 24: 2975-2977.
Bone, R.C.; Grodzin, C.J. & Balk, R.A. 1997. Sepsis: a new hypothesis for pathogenesis of the disease process. Chest 112(1): 235-243.
Booth, C.; Inusa, B. & Obaro, S.K. 2010. Infection in sickle cell disease: a review. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14(1): e2-e12.
Cappellini, N.; Cohen, A.; Eleftheriou, A.; Piga, A. & Porter, J. 2000. Iron Overload. Guidelines for the Clinical Management of thalassemia: Thalassemia International Federation 21-35.
Chen, S.; Huang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Yu, W.; Zhang, H.; Li, K. & Jin, H. 2017. Sulphur dioxide suppresses inflammatory response by sulphenylating NF-κB p65 at Cys38 in a rat model of acute lung injury. Clinical Science 131(21): 2655-2670.
Chowdhury, S.F. & Anwar, S. 2020. Management of hemoglobin disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Medicine 7: 306.
De Biasi, S.; Meschiari, M.; Gibellini, L.; Bellinazzi, C.; Borella, R.; Fidanza, L. & Cossarizza, A. 2020. Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Nature Communications 11(1): 1-17.
Gonzalez, F.; Thusu, K.; Abdel-Rahman, E.; Prabhala, A.; Tomani, M. & Dandona, P. 1999. Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 48(4): 437-441.
Guan, W.J.; Liang, W.H.; Zhao, Y.; Liang, H.R.; Chen, Z.S.; Li, Y.M. & He, J.X. 2020. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. European Respiratory Journal 55(5).
Karimi, M. & De Sanctis, V. 2020. Implications of SARSr-CoV 2 infection in thalassemias: Do patients fall into the “high clinical risk” category? Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis 91(2): 50.
Levine, B.; Kalman, J.; Mayer, L.; Fillit, H.M. & Packer, M. 1990. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 323(4): 236-241.
Liu, W. & Li, H. 2020. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porhyrin to Inhibit Heme Metabolism. Am Chem Soc.
Mousa, H.M. & Qasim, M.T. 2015. Microbial Infection and IL-6 Urine Levels for Pregnant women in Thi-Qar Province. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(05): 358-365.
Pettilä, V.; Hynninen, M.; Takkunen, O.; Kuusela, P. & Valtonen, M. 2002. Predictive value of procalcitonin and interleukin 6 in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis. Intensive care medicine 28(9): 1220-1225.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and Gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. The immunological and protective role of Baicalin in male rats treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1234(1): 012065.
Shapouri-Moghaddam, A.; Mohammadian, S.; Vazini, H.; Taghadosi, M.; Esmaeili, S.A.; Mardani, F. & Sahebkar, A. 2018. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. Journal of Cellular Physiology 233(9): 6425-6440
Shorr, A.F.; Thomas, S.J.; Alkins, S.A.; Fitzpatrick, T.M. & Ling, G.S. 2002. D-dimer correlates with proinflammatory cytokine levels and outcomes in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4): 1262-1268.
Sunzel, B.O.; Hlm, S. & Reuterving, C.O. 2005. The effect of zinc on bacterial phagocytosis, killing and cytoprotection in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. APMIS 105: 635-44.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of Oxygen‐Ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International.
Wang, D.; Hu, B.; Hu, C.; Zhu, F.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. & Peng, Z. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama 323(11): 1061-1069
Wichmann, D.; Sperhake, J.P.; Lütgehetmann, M.; Steurer, S.; Edler, C.; Heinemann, A. & Kluge, S. 2020. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine 173(4): 268-277.
Yin, S.; Huang, M.; Li, D. & Tang, N. 2020. Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1-4.
Yu, B.; Li, X.; Chen, J.; Ouyang, M.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, X. & Tang, J. 2020. Evaluation of variation in D-dimer levels among COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 50(3): 548-557.
Mohammed, Z.I. & Qasim, M.T. 2021. Correlation of AMH and LH Levels in PCOS Patients with Pregnancy Rate. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 945-951.
Zhang, L.; Yan, X.; Fan, Q.; Liu, H.; Liu, X.; Liu, Z. & Zhang, Z. 2020. D‐dimer levels on admission to predict in‐hospital mortality in patients with Covid‐19. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 18(6): 1324-1329.
Zhou, R.; To, K.K.W.; Wong, Y.C.; Liu, L.; Zhou, B.; Li, X. & Chen, Z. 2020. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs dendritic cell and T cell responses. Immunity 53(4): 864-877.
AL-Naely, A.J.; Qasim, M.T. & Al-Hamadawi, H.A. 2021. Transfusion of Blood Components in the Newborn Service of the Hospital. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 952-958.
Al-Salih, M.; Samsudin, S.; Alsalih, S.W.; Arshad, S.S.; Warid, F.; Sfoog, A.A..& Roomi, A.B. 2020. Identify human cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), a new target of SARS-CoV-2 invasion. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12(2).
Alsalih, M.; Roomi, A.B.; Samsudin, S.; Arshad, S.S.; Ziainol, I. & Warid, F. 2020. Vicissitudes in cellular immune related to anti-tnf-alpha therapy, and some clinical investigation induces by infliximab in covid 19 patients. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 12: 2264-2278.
Aslam, S. & Mehra, M.R. 2020. COVID-19: yet another coronavirus challenge in transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation 39(5): 408-409.
Barnard, M.R.; Linden, M.D.; Frelinger, A.L.; Li, Y.; Fox, M. L.; Furman, M.I. & Lutter, R. 2006. Myeloid biology. Clinical Oncology 24: 2975-2977.
Bone, R.C.; Grodzin, C.J. & Balk, R.A. 1997. Sepsis: a new hypothesis for pathogenesis of the disease process. Chest 112(1): 235-243.
Booth, C.; Inusa, B. & Obaro, S.K. 2010. Infection in sickle cell disease: a review. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14(1): e2-e12.
Cappellini, N.; Cohen, A.; Eleftheriou, A.; Piga, A. & Porter, J. 2000. Iron Overload. Guidelines for the Clinical Management of thalassemia: Thalassemia International Federation 21-35.
Chen, S.; Huang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Yu, W.; Zhang, H.; Li, K. & Jin, H. 2017. Sulphur dioxide suppresses inflammatory response by sulphenylating NF-κB p65 at Cys38 in a rat model of acute lung injury. Clinical Science 131(21): 2655-2670.
Chowdhury, S.F. & Anwar, S. 2020. Management of hemoglobin disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Medicine 7: 306.
De Biasi, S.; Meschiari, M.; Gibellini, L.; Bellinazzi, C.; Borella, R.; Fidanza, L. & Cossarizza, A. 2020. Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Nature Communications 11(1): 1-17.
Gonzalez, F.; Thusu, K.; Abdel-Rahman, E.; Prabhala, A.; Tomani, M. & Dandona, P. 1999. Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 48(4): 437-441.
Guan, W.J.; Liang, W.H.; Zhao, Y.; Liang, H.R.; Chen, Z.S.; Li, Y.M. & He, J.X. 2020. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. European Respiratory Journal 55(5).
Karimi, M. & De Sanctis, V. 2020. Implications of SARSr-CoV 2 infection in thalassemias: Do patients fall into the “high clinical risk” category? Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis 91(2): 50.
Levine, B.; Kalman, J.; Mayer, L.; Fillit, H.M. & Packer, M. 1990. Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure. New England Journal of Medicine 323(4): 236-241.
Liu, W. & Li, H. 2020. COVID-19: Attacks the 1-beta Chain of Hemoglobin and Captures the Porhyrin to Inhibit Heme Metabolism. Am Chem Soc.
Mousa, H.M. & Qasim, M.T. 2015. Microbial Infection and IL-6 Urine Levels for Pregnant women in Thi-Qar Province. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 4(05): 358-365.
Pettilä, V.; Hynninen, M.; Takkunen, O.; Kuusela, P. & Valtonen, M. 2002. Predictive value of procalcitonin and interleukin 6 in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis. Intensive care medicine 28(9): 1220-1225.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. Investigate the relation between Baicalin effect and Gene expression of LH, FSH, Testosterone in male rats treated with Gemcitabine drug. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12(9): 4135-4141.
Qasim, M.T. & Al-Mayali, H.K. 2019. The immunological and protective role of Baicalin in male rats treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine). In Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1234(1): 012065.
Shapouri-Moghaddam, A.; Mohammadian, S.; Vazini, H.; Taghadosi, M.; Esmaeili, S.A.; Mardani, F. & Sahebkar, A. 2018. Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease. Journal of Cellular Physiology 233(9): 6425-6440
Shorr, A.F.; Thomas, S.J.; Alkins, S.A.; Fitzpatrick, T.M. & Ling, G.S. 2002. D-dimer correlates with proinflammatory cytokine levels and outcomes in critically ill patients. Chest 121(4): 1262-1268.
Sunzel, B.O.; Hlm, S. & Reuterving, C.O. 2005. The effect of zinc on bacterial phagocytosis, killing and cytoprotection in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. APMIS 105: 635-44.
Tahmasebi, S.; Qasim, M.T.; Krivenkova, M.V.; Zekiy, A.O.; Thangavelu, L.; Aravindhan, S. & Roshangar, L. 2021. The effects of Oxygen‐Ozone therapy on regulatory T‐cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International.
Wang, D.; Hu, B.; Hu, C.; Zhu, F.; Liu, X.; Zhang, J. & Peng, Z. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama 323(11): 1061-1069
Wichmann, D.; Sperhake, J.P.; Lütgehetmann, M.; Steurer, S.; Edler, C.; Heinemann, A. & Kluge, S. 2020. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine 173(4): 268-277.
Yin, S.; Huang, M.; Li, D. & Tang, N. 2020. Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1-4.
Yu, B.; Li, X.; Chen, J.; Ouyang, M.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, X. & Tang, J. 2020. Evaluation of variation in D-dimer levels among COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 50(3): 548-557.
Mohammed, Z.I. & Qasim, M.T. 2021. Correlation of AMH and LH Levels in PCOS Patients with Pregnancy Rate. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 945-951.
Zhang, L.; Yan, X.; Fan, Q.; Liu, H.; Liu, X.; Liu, Z. & Zhang, Z. 2020. D‐dimer levels on admission to predict in‐hospital mortality in patients with Covid‐19. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 18(6): 1324-1329.
Zhou, R.; To, K.K.W.; Wong, Y.C.; Liu, L.; Zhou, B.; Li, X. & Chen, Z. 2020. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs dendritic cell and T cell responses. Immunity 53(4): 864-877.