Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the body shape of five populations of Salmo trutta collected from the Namak Lake, Urmia Lake, and the Caspian Sea basins, using the geometric morphometric technique. To this purpose, a total of 130 specimens were sampled from Liqvan-Chai, Mardoogh, Karaj, Jajrud and Haraz rivers using electrofishing. The left side of the specimens was photographed and 16 landmark–points were defined and digitized on 2D pictures. The landmark data was superimposed using a generalized procrusts method and analyzed using PCA, CVA, and cluster analysis. The results revealed significant differences in the body shape (P<0.0001) of the studied populations, except between the Mardoogh and Liqvan-Chai populations. The differences between populations were related to the length and depth of the caudal peduncle, the position of the snout, body depth and position of the pectoral fin base. The Jajrud River population was differentiated from the others due to possessing deeper body depth, shallower head and lower anterior pectoral fin origin. The results can be useful as baseline information on the native stocks for conservational policy.
Keywords
Geometric morphometrics
Body shape
Salmo trutta
Phenotypic plasticity
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
SALEHI, M., MOUSAVI-SABET, H., & EAGDERI, S. (2022). Geometric morphometric analysis of body shape variation in Salmo trutta populations from the Caspian Sea, Namak and Urmia basins, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 9(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v9i1.831
References
-
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Adams, D.C. & Funk, D.J. 1997. Morphometric inferences on sibling species and sexual dimorphism in Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles: multivariate applications of the thin-plate spline. Systematic Biology 46(1): 180-194.
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Andersson, J.; Johansson, F. & Söderlund, T. 2006. Interactions between predator-and diet-induced phenotypic changes in body shape of crucian carp. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273(1585): 431-437.
Aurelle, D. & Berrebi, P. 2001. Genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta, L.) populations from south‐western France: data from mitochondrial control region variability. Molecular Ecology 10(6): 1551-1561.
Bookstein, F.L. 1991. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press.
Bourke, P.; Magnan, P. & Rodriguez, M.A. 1997. Individual variations in habitat use and morphology in brook charr. Journal of Fish Biology 51: 783-794.
Campos, J. L.; Posada, D.; Caballero, P. & Moran, P. 2007. Spatio‐temporal genetic variability in sea trout (Salmo trutta) populations from north‐western Spain. Freshwater Biology 52(3): 510-524.
Charles, K.; Guyomard, R.; Hoyheim, B.; Ombredane, D. & Baglinière, J.L. 2005. Lack of genetic differentiation between anadromous and resident sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Normandy population. Aquatic Living Resources 18(1): 65-69.
Dudu, A.; Georgescu, S.E.; Popa, O.; Dinischiotu, A. & Costache, M. 2011. Mitochondrial 16s and 12srRNA sequence analysis in four salmonid species from Romania. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57(3): 233-246.
Eagderi, S.; Mouludi-Saleh, A. & Mahmoudi, M. 2022. Study of some morphometric, reproductive and feeding traits, of Salmo trutta in Taleghan River. Journal of Fisheries. In Press.
Eagderi, S.; Mouludi-Saleh, A.; Ahmadi, S. & Javadzadeh, N. 2020. Phenotypic plasticity of the body shape in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), in response to lentic and lotic habitats using geometric morphometric technique. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 29(1): 49-58.
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Ferguson, A. & Taggart, J.B. 1991. Genetic differentiation among the sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of Lough Melvin, Ireland. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 43(3): 221-237.
Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.;; Ryan, P.D. 2001. Past: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(4): 1-9.
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Heidari, A.; Khoshkholgh, M. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2014. Tracing the effects of Sefidrud dams on Capoeta gracilis (Cyprinidae) populations using Truss distances in southern Caspian Sea basin. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 106-113.
Heidari, A.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Khoshkholgh, M.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Eagderi S. 2013. The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of Siah Mahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(4): 195-201.
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Jensen, L.F.; Hansen, M. M.; Carlsson, J.; Loeschcke, V. & Mensberg, K.L.D. 2005. Spatial and temporal genetic differentiation and effective population size of brown trout (Salmo trutta, L.) in small Danish rivers. Conservation Genetics 6(4): 615-621.
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References
Abdoli, A. 2000. The inland water fishes of Iran. Iranian Museum of Nature and Wildlife. 378 p.
Adams, D.C. & Funk, D.J. 1997. Morphometric inferences on sibling species and sexual dimorphism in Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles: multivariate applications of the thin-plate spline. Systematic Biology 46(1): 180-194.
Afraei, M.A.; Fazli, H. & Moslemi, M. 2000. Some biological characteristics of the brown trout Salmo trutta fario (Linnaeus, 1758) in Tonekabon River. Fisheries Science 9 (3): 21-34.
Akbarzadeh, A.; Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Sattari, M.; Mousavi, S.; Javadi, S.; Azarakhsh, M.; Shamekhi, R. & Taleshi, H. (2012). Comparison of Morphological Variations and Some Biological Features of Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario Resident in Chesli and Khorma Rivers in Guilan. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 10(4): 34-46.
Allendorf, F.W. 1988. Conservation biology of fishes. Conservation Biology 2: 145-148.
Andersson, J.; Johansson, F. & Söderlund, T. 2006. Interactions between predator-and diet-induced phenotypic changes in body shape of crucian carp. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273(1585): 431-437.
Aurelle, D. & Berrebi, P. 2001. Genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta, L.) populations from south‐western France: data from mitochondrial control region variability. Molecular Ecology 10(6): 1551-1561.
Bookstein, F.L. 1991. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge University Press.
Bourke, P.; Magnan, P. & Rodriguez, M.A. 1997. Individual variations in habitat use and morphology in brook charr. Journal of Fish Biology 51: 783-794.
Campos, J. L.; Posada, D.; Caballero, P. & Moran, P. 2007. Spatio‐temporal genetic variability in sea trout (Salmo trutta) populations from north‐western Spain. Freshwater Biology 52(3): 510-524.
Charles, K.; Guyomard, R.; Hoyheim, B.; Ombredane, D. & Baglinière, J.L. 2005. Lack of genetic differentiation between anadromous and resident sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Normandy population. Aquatic Living Resources 18(1): 65-69.
Dudu, A.; Georgescu, S.E.; Popa, O.; Dinischiotu, A. & Costache, M. 2011. Mitochondrial 16s and 12srRNA sequence analysis in four salmonid species from Romania. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57(3): 233-246.
Eagderi, S.; Mouludi-Saleh, A. & Mahmoudi, M. 2022. Study of some morphometric, reproductive and feeding traits, of Salmo trutta in Taleghan River. Journal of Fisheries. In Press.
Eagderi, S.; Mouludi-Saleh, A.; Ahmadi, S. & Javadzadeh, N. 2020. Phenotypic plasticity of the body shape in Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), in response to lentic and lotic habitats using geometric morphometric technique. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 29(1): 49-58.
Eagderi, S.; Mouludi-Saleh, A.; Mahmoudi, M. & Hakimi, F. 2021. Habitat characteristics of Brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) in tributaries of the Taleghan River. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 30(5): 111-120.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. 2018. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa 3(3): 1-95.
Fazli, H.; Azari, H.; Moghim, M.; Kor, D.; Nabavi Jelodar, E. & Taleshian, H. 2012. Growth and mortality of brown trout, Salmo trutta fario in Lar dam, Iran. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 11(1): 47-37.
Ferguson, A. & Taggart, J.B. 1991. Genetic differentiation among the sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of Lough Melvin, Ireland. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 43(3): 221-237.
Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.A.T.;; Ryan, P.D. 2001. Past: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4(4): 1-9.
Hashemzadeh Segherloo, I.; Farahmand, H., Abdoli, A.; Bernatchez, L.; Primmer, C.R.; Swatdipong, A. & Khalili, B. 2012a. Phylogenetic status of brown trout Salmo trutta populations in five rivers from the southern Caspian Sea and two inland lake basins, Iran: a morphogenetic approach. Journal of Fish Biology 81(5): 1479-1500.
Hashemzadeh Segherloo, I.; Farahmand, H.; Abdoli, A.; Bernatchez, L. & Karami, M. 2012b. Identification of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta, of Mardgh River in Liqvan River (Iran), Using Microsatellite Loci. Journal of Fisheries 65(3): 327-337
Heidari, A., Salehi, M. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2019. How the body shape changes by the habitat hydrological factors in freshwater benthic fishes; case study on the genera Cobitis (Cobitidae) and Ponticola (Gobiidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 7(1): 45-55.
Heidari, A.; Khoshkholgh, M. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2014. Tracing the effects of Sefidrud dams on Capoeta gracilis (Cyprinidae) populations using Truss distances in southern Caspian Sea basin. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1(2): 106-113.
Heidari, A.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Khoshkholgh, M.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Eagderi S. 2013. The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of Siah Mahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(4): 195-201.
Hermida, M.; San Miguel, E.; Bouza, C.; Castro, J. & Martínez, P. 2009. Morphological variation in a secondary contact between divergent lineages of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from the Iberian Peninsula. Genetics and Molecular Biology 32, 42-50.
Jensen, L.F.; Hansen, M. M.; Carlsson, J.; Loeschcke, V. & Mensberg, K.L.D. 2005. Spatial and temporal genetic differentiation and effective population size of brown trout (Salmo trutta, L.) in small Danish rivers. Conservation Genetics 6(4): 615-621.
Jonsson, B.; Jonsson, N.; Brodtkorb, E. & Ingebrigtsen, P.J. 2001. Life-history traits of brown trout vary with the size of small streams. Functional Ecology 15(3): 310-317.
Jouladeh-Roudbar, A.; Vatandoust, S.; Eagderi, S.; Jafari-Kenari, S. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2015. Freshwater fishes of Iran; an updated checklist. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation & Legislation 8(6): 855-909.
Karakousis, Y.; Triantaphyllidis, C. & Economidis, P.S. 1991. Morphological variability among seven populations of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in Greece. Journal of fish Biology 38(6): 807-817.
Kheyrandish, A.; Abdoli, A.; Mostafavi, H., Niksirat, H.; Naderi, M. & Vatandoost, S. 2010. Age and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in six rivers of the southern part of Caspian basin. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 5(1): 8-12.
Klingenberg, C.P. 2011. MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics. Molecular Ecology Resources 11(2): 353-357.
Kohestan-Eskandari, S.; AnvariFar, H. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2013. Detection of Morphometric Differentiation of Liza aurata (Pisces: Mugilidae) in Southeastern of the Caspian Sea, Iran. Our Nature 11(2): 126-137.
Kohestan-Eskandari, S.; AnvariFar, H.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Yousefi, M. & Khanzade, M. 2014. A morphology-based hypothesis for homeward migration success and population differentiation in the anadromous kutum Rutilus kutum (Pisces: Cyprinidae) along the southern Caspian Sea, Iran. Folia Zoologica 63(3): 151-160.
Langerhans, R.B.; Layman, C.A.; Langerhans, A.K. & Dewitt, T.J. 2003. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80(4): 689-698.
Maric, S.; Nikolic, V. & Simonovic, P. 2004. Pilot study on the morphological identity of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) stocks in the streams of the Danube river basin (Serbia). Folia Zoologica 53(4): 411-416.
Mouludi-Saleh, A. & Eagderi, S. 2021. Habitat-Associated Morphological Divergence of Gasterosteus aculeatus in the Southern Caspian Sea Basin. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science 45(1): 121-125.
Mouludi-Saleh, A.; Eagderi, S.; Cicek, E. & Sungur, S. 2020b. Morphological variation of Transcaucasian chub, Squalius turcicus in southern Caspian Sea basin using geometric morphometric technique. Biologia 75(10): 1585-1590.
Mouludi-Saleh, A.; Eagderi, S.; Latif-Nejad, S. & Nasri, M. 2020a. The morphological study of transcaspian marinka (Schizothorax pelzami) in Harirud and Dasht-e Kavir basins using the geometric morphometric technique. Nova Biologica Reperta 7(2): 185-191.
Mouludi-Saleh, A.; Eagderi, S.; Poorbagher, H. & Kazemzadeh, S. 2019. The effect of body shape type on differentiability of traditional and geometric morphometric methods: A case study of Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822). European Journal of Biology 78(2): 165-168.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Anvarifar, H. 2013. Landmark-based morphometric variation between Cobitis keyvani and Cobitis faridpaki (Pisces: Cobitidae), with new habitat for C. faridpaki in the southern Caspian Sea basin. Folia Zoologica 62(3):167-175.
Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Heidari, A. & Salehi, M. 2018a. How did dams affect length-weight and length-length relationships of Capoeta razii (Cyprinidae) in Sefid River, the southern Caspian Sea basin?. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 6(5): 274-280.
Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Heidari, A. & Salehi, M. 2018b. How the selective breeding in aquaculture programs can change the body shape of cyprinids; a case study on the native Cyprinus carpio and a cultured stock. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 6(6): 330-339.
Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Khataminejad, S.; Sarpanah, A.; Mohsenpour, R.; Salehi, M. & Eagderi, S. 2021. Are the sex, size, age, and season, have significant effect on morphology and body shape in spined loaches? -a case study on Cobitis faridpaki (Teleostei: Cobitidae). Aqua 27(4): 125-136.
Orr, M.R. & Smith, T.B. 1998. Ecology and speciation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 502-506.
Pakkasmaa, S. & Piironen, J. 2001. Morphological differentiation among local trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72: 231-239.
Paknejad, S.; Heidari, A. & Mousavi-Sabet H. 2014. Morphological variation of shad fish Alosa brashnicowi (Teleostei, Clupeidae) populations along the southern Caspian Sea coasts, using a truss system. International Aquatic Research 2(6): 330-336.
Poulet, N.; Berrebi, P.; Crivelli, A.J.; Lek, S. & Argillier, C. 2004. Genetic and morphometric variations in the pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) of a fragmented delta. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 159(4): 531-554.
Rajabinezhad, R.; Azari Takami, G. & Nikoeian, A. 2011. Relationship between natural feeding of Brown trout salmo trutta fario and benthic organisms' biomass in Lar reservoir. Journal of Marine Biology 2(4), 13-21.
Rawat, M.S.; Bantwan, B.; Singh, D. & Gusain, O.P. 2011. Status of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.) in Garhwal Himalaya with a note on it morphometric characteristics. Environment Conservation Journal 12(3): 47-52.
Rezaei, A. & Akhshabi, S. 2012. Studies of cytochrome b protein modelling sequence in the Salmo trutta fario and comparing with other salmonids. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology 4(1): 1-8.
Rohlf, F.J. & Marcus, L.F. 1993. A revolution morphometrics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8(4): 129-132.
Salavatian, M.; Gholiev, Z.; Aliev, A. & Abbasi, K. 2011c. Feeding behavior of brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, during spawning season in four rivers of Lar National Park, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 9(2): 223-233.
Salavatian, M.; Quliyev, Z.; Abbasi, K.; Mustafayev, N.; Rouhi, J.D.; Moghaddam, A.P. & Biria, H.A. 2011a. Study of morphological changes in Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) from Lar reservoir in Iran. Annals of Biological Research 2(6): 145-154.
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Samuiloviene, A., Kontautas, A. & Gross, R. 2009. Genetic diversity and differentiation of sea trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Lithuanian rivers assessed by microsatellite DNA variation. Fish physiology and biochemistry 35(4): 649-659.
Sanz, N.; Garcı´ a-Marı´ n, J. L. & Pla, C. 2002. Managing fish population under mosaic relationships. The case of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in peripheral Mediterranean populations. Conservation Genetics 3: 385-400.
Schluter, D. & McPhail, J.D. 1992. Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. The American Naturalist 140(1): 85-108.
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Vatandoust, S.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Razeghi-Mansour, M.; AnvariFar, H. & Heidari, A. 2015. Morphometric variation of the endangered Caspian lamprey, Caspiomyzon wagneri (Pisces: Petromyzontidae), from migrating stocks of two rivers along the southern Caspian Sea. Zoological Studies 56: 1-9.
Vatandoust, S.; Nejati, M.; Anvarifar, H. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2014b. Morphological Differentiation of Vimba persa (Pisces: Cyprinidae) along the southern Caspian Sea Basin, Iran. International Journal of Zoological Research 3(2): 94-102.
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Veasey, E.A.; Schammass E.A.; Vencovsky, R.; Martins, P.S. & Bandel, G. 2001. Germplasm characterization of Sesbania accessions based onmultivariate analyses. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48: 79-91.
Vehanen, T. & Huusko, A. 2011. Brown trout Salmo trutta express different morphometrics due to divergence in the rearing environment. Journal of fish Biology 79(5): 1167-1181.
Vera, M.; Sourinejad, I.; Bouza, C.; Vilas, R.; Pino-Querido, A.; Kalbassi, M.R. & Martínez, P. 2011. Phylogeography, genetic structure, and conservation of the endangered Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler, 1877), from Iran. Hydrobiologia 664(1): 51-67.
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Orr, M.R. & Smith, T.B. 1998. Ecology and speciation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13: 502-506.
Pakkasmaa, S. & Piironen, J. 2001. Morphological differentiation among local trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72: 231-239.
Paknejad, S.; Heidari, A. & Mousavi-Sabet H. 2014. Morphological variation of shad fish Alosa brashnicowi (Teleostei, Clupeidae) populations along the southern Caspian Sea coasts, using a truss system. International Aquatic Research 2(6): 330-336.
Poulet, N.; Berrebi, P.; Crivelli, A.J.; Lek, S. & Argillier, C. 2004. Genetic and morphometric variations in the pikeperch (Sander lucioperca L.) of a fragmented delta. Archiv für Hydrobiologie 159(4): 531-554.
Rajabinezhad, R.; Azari Takami, G. & Nikoeian, A. 2011. Relationship between natural feeding of Brown trout salmo trutta fario and benthic organisms' biomass in Lar reservoir. Journal of Marine Biology 2(4), 13-21.
Rawat, M.S.; Bantwan, B.; Singh, D. & Gusain, O.P. 2011. Status of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.) in Garhwal Himalaya with a note on it morphometric characteristics. Environment Conservation Journal 12(3): 47-52.
Rezaei, A. & Akhshabi, S. 2012. Studies of cytochrome b protein modelling sequence in the Salmo trutta fario and comparing with other salmonids. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. C, Physiology and Molecular Biology 4(1): 1-8.
Rohlf, F.J. & Marcus, L.F. 1993. A revolution morphometrics. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8(4): 129-132.
Salavatian, M.; Gholiev, Z.; Aliev, A. & Abbasi, K. 2011c. Feeding behavior of brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, during spawning season in four rivers of Lar National Park, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 9(2): 223-233.
Salavatian, M.; Quliyev, Z.; Abbasi, K.; Mustafayev, N.; Rouhi, J.D.; Moghaddam, A.P. & Biria, H.A. 2011a. Study of morphological changes in Brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) from Lar reservoir in Iran. Annals of Biological Research 2(6): 145-154.
Salavatian, S.M.; Abbasi, K.; Goliyev, Z.; Sarpanah Sourkohi, A. & Abdollahpour Biria, H. 2011b. Journal of Fisheries Islamic Azad University Azadshahr Branch 5(3): 24-40.
Samuiloviene, A., Kontautas, A. & Gross, R. 2009. Genetic diversity and differentiation of sea trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Lithuanian rivers assessed by microsatellite DNA variation. Fish physiology and biochemistry 35(4): 649-659.
Sanz, N.; Garcı´ a-Marı´ n, J. L. & Pla, C. 2002. Managing fish population under mosaic relationships. The case of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in peripheral Mediterranean populations. Conservation Genetics 3: 385-400.
Schluter, D. & McPhail, J.D. 1992. Ecological character displacement and speciation in sticklebacks. The American Naturalist 140(1): 85-108.
Taghizadeh, V.; Novikov, G.G. & Jahanbakhshi, A. 2012. Allozyme variability in populations of trout (Salmo trutta) from the rivers of Russia and Iran. Springer Plus 1(1): 1-5.
Vatandoust, S.; Abdoli, A.; Anvarifar, H. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2014a. Morphometric and meristic characteristics and morphological differentiation among five populations of Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario (Pisces: Salmonidae) along the southern Caspian Sea basin. European Journal of Zoological Research 3(2): 56-65.
Vatandoust, S.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Razeghi-Mansour, M.; AnvariFar, H. & Heidari, A. 2015. Morphometric variation of the endangered Caspian lamprey, Caspiomyzon wagneri (Pisces: Petromyzontidae), from migrating stocks of two rivers along the southern Caspian Sea. Zoological Studies 56: 1-9.
Vatandoust, S.; Nejati, M.; Anvarifar, H. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2014b. Morphological Differentiation of Vimba persa (Pisces: Cyprinidae) along the southern Caspian Sea Basin, Iran. International Journal of Zoological Research 3(2): 94-102.
Vatandoust, S.; Vosoghi, G.; Nezami, S.; Abdoli, A. & Matinfar, A. 2008. A Study Diversity of Morphological Characters of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in Tajan River and Babolrud River in Mazandaran Province. New Technologies in Aquaculture Development 2(2): 55-69.
Veasey, E.A.; Schammass E.A.; Vencovsky, R.; Martins, P.S. & Bandel, G. 2001. Germplasm characterization of Sesbania accessions based onmultivariate analyses. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 48: 79-91.
Vehanen, T. & Huusko, A. 2011. Brown trout Salmo trutta express different morphometrics due to divergence in the rearing environment. Journal of fish Biology 79(5): 1167-1181.
Vera, M.; Sourinejad, I.; Bouza, C.; Vilas, R.; Pino-Querido, A.; Kalbassi, M.R. & Martínez, P. 2011. Phylogeography, genetic structure, and conservation of the endangered Caspian brown trout, Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler, 1877), from Iran. Hydrobiologia 664(1): 51-67.
Wimberger P.H. 1994. Trophic Polymorphisms, Plasticity and Speciation in Vertebrates. In: Stouder, D.J.; Fresh, K.L. & Feller, R.J. eds. Theory and application in fish feeding ecology. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Zelditch, M.; Swiderski, D.; Sheets, D.H. & Fink, W. 2004. Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: a Primer. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.