Main Article Content
Abstract
The reproductive biology of Indian halibut, Psettodes erumei, a commercially valuable flatfish species, in the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea was studied. A total of 433 specimens were collected monthly from October 2016 to November 2017, and their length, weight, sex, gonad and liver weight, and maturity status were recorded. Monthly variations in Gonado-somatic index showed two obvious peaks in the spawning period in both sexes. Observations from the seasonal maturation curve, the frequency distribution of the female gonadal development stages and the condition factor confirmed recent findings that the spawning periods have two peaks, a higher peak in April-May (spring) and a lower peak in October (autumn). The size at first maturity of females was estimated to be 38.20 cm in total length. The absolute fecundity ranged from 18072 to 332171 eggs while the relative fecundity ranged from 22 to 161 eggs/g. Absolute fecundity was positively correlated with body related parameters (total length/weight) and with gonad weight. Combined, the information provided in this study could be useful for resource managers to set seasonal closure during peak spawning periods and implement minimum size limits above the size at first maturity to let the fish spawn at least once before capture.
Keywords
Reproduction
Maturity stages
Sex ratio
Flatfish
Iran.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
GHANBARZADEH, M., KAMRANI, E., RANJBAR, M. S., SALARPOURI, A., & WALTERS, C. (2021). Reproductive biology of Indian halibut, Psettodes erumei from the northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (Teleoststei: Psettodidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v8i1.434
References
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Abaszadeh, A.; Keivany, Y.; Soofiani, N.M. & Falahatimarvast, A. 2013. Reproductive biology of the greater lizardfish, Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795), in Bushehr coastal waters of Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology 37: 717-722.
Abraham, M. & Nair, N.B. 1976. Food and feeding habits and breeding biology of the Indian halibut Psettodes erumei (Bloch and Schncider). Aquatic Biology 1: 43-63.
Ahmed, A.I.; Sharaf, M.M. & Laban, H.A. 2010. Reproduction of the Egyptian sole Solea aegyptiaca (Actinopterygii: Pleuronectiformes: Soleidae), from Port Said, Egypt, Mediterranean Sea. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 40: 161-166.
Alizadeh, R.; Kamrani, E.; Safaei, M. & Momeni, M. 2014. Reproductive biology of Sillago sihama in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province). Journal of Oceanography 5: 41-47. (In Farsi with an English abstract)
Ashghaly Farahani, S.; Valinasab, T. & Keyvan, A. 2005. Length frequency, length-weight relationship and distribution of Indian halibut in the Oman Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 14: 169-174.
Azh, Z.; Sourinezhad, I.; Kamrani, E. & Ghodrati shojaei, M. 2014. Ovary maturation process of Psettodes erumei in the coastal waters of the northern Persian Gulf (in Persian). Journal of Oceanography 10(19): 61-70. (In Farsi with an English abstract).
Bindu, L. & Padmakumar, K.G. 2014. Reproductive biology of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) from the Vembanad wetland system, Kerala. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 43: 646-654.
Biswas, S.P. 1993. Manual of methods in fish biology. 3 Nejati subhoshmary. the South Asian publishers Pty ltd, Daryagam, New Dehli, India.
Bye, V. 1984. The role of environmental factors in the timing of reproductive cycles. In: Potts, G.W. &Wootton R.J. (eds.), Fish reproduction, strategies and tactics. London: Academic Press.
Caputo, V.; Candi, G.; Colella, S. & Arneri, E. 2001. Reproductive biology of turbot (Psetta maxima) and brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) (Teleostei, Pleuronectiformes) in the Adriatic Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 68: 107-113.
Chellappa, S.; Câmara, M.R.; Chellappa, N.T.; Beveridge, M.C.M. & Huntingford, F.A. 2003. Reproductive ecology of a Neotropical cichlid fish Cichla monoculus (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology 63: 17-26.
Dadzie, S.; Abou‐Seedo, F. & Al‐Shallal, T. 2000. Reproductive biology of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 16: 247-253.
Darracott, A. 1977. Availability, morphometrics, feeding and breeding activity in a multi-species, demersal fish stock of the Western Indian Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology 10: 1-16.
Das, M. & Mishra, B. 1990. On the biology of Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schn.), an Indian Halibut. Indian Journal of Fisheries 37: 79-92.
Devadoss, P.; Mahadevan Pillai, P.K.; Natarajan, P. & Muniyandi, K. 1977. Observations on some aspects of the biology and fishery of Psettodes erumei (Bloch) at Porto Novo. Indian Journal of Fisheries 24: 62-68.
Eagderi, S.; Fricke, R.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Jalili, P. 2019. Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Persian Gulf: Diversity and conservation status. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 6(Suppl. 1): 1-171.
Eighani, M. & Paighambari, S.Y. 2014. Performance of a Square Mesh Panel in Capturing Immature Indian Halibut in Shrimp Trawlers in the Persian Gulf. Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science) 5: 1-8.
Ekanem, S.B. 2000. Some reproductive aspects of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) from Cross River Nigeria. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 23: 24-28.
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. & Van der Laan, R. 2020. Eschmeyer's catalog of fishes: Genera, Species, References. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version accessed 28.07.2020.
Fontoura, N.F.; Braun, A.S. & Milani, P.C.C. 2009. Estimating size at first maturity (L50) from Gonadossomatic Index (GSI) data. Neotropical Ichthyology 7: 217-222.
Garcia-Diaz, M.; González, J.A.; Lorente, M.J. & Tuset, V.M. 2006. Spawning season, maturity sizes and fecundity in Hacktail Comber (Serranus atricauda) from the Eastern-Central Atlantic. Fishery Bulletin 104:159-166.
Ghaffari, H.; Hosseinzadeh Sahafi, H.; Engelhard, G.H. & Mekhanik Babaei, M. 2015. Reproductive biology of largescale tonguesole Cynoglossus arel in coastal waters of Bandar Abbas, Persian Gulf, Iran. Animal Reproduction Science 154: 142-157.
Ghanbarzadeh, M.; Kamrani, E.; Ranjbar, M.S.; Salarpouri, A. & Walters, C. 2020. Food and Feeding Habits of Indian halibut, Psettodes erumei from the North of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 7(2): 167-180.
Hamzeh, S.; Keivany, Y.; Soofiani, N.M. & Aein Jamshid, K. 2017. Reproductive biology of kingsoldier bream (Argyrops spinifer) in the Persian Gulf. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 26: 91-104. (In Farsi with an English abstract)
Hensley, D.A. 1997. Pleuronectidae. Righteye flounders. In: Carpenter K.E. & Niem V. (Eds.), FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Western Central Pacific.
IFO. 2017. Iranian Fisheries Statistical Yerarbook: Iranian Fisheries Organization (IFO) press (2015-2016). (In Farsi with an English abstract).
Jiménez, M.P.; Sobrino, I. & Ramos, F. 1998. Distribution pattern, reproductive biology, and fishery of the wedge sole Dicologlossa cuneata in the Gulf of Cadiz, south-west Spain. Marine Biology 131: 173-187.
Kamali, I.; Valinasab, T.; Ghodrati, M. & Behzadi, S. 2006. Estimates of maximum sustainable yield for six commercial demersal species in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (Hormuzgan province). Retrieved from http://aquaticcommons.org/25274.
Kamler, E. 2005. Parent-egg-progeny relationships in teleost fishes: An energetics perspective. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15: 399-421.
Kartas, F. & Quignard, J.P. 1984. La fécondité des poissons téléostéens. Collection de biologie des milieux marins. Paris, France.
Kaymaram, F.; Hossainy, S.A.; Darvishi, M.; Talebzadeh, S.A. & Sadeghi, M.S. 2010. Reproduction and spawning patterns of the Scomberomorus commerson in the Iranian coastal waters of the Persian Gulf & Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 9: 233-244.
Kazemi, S.H.; Paighambari, S.Y. & Abaspour Naderi, R. 2013. Species Composition of Trawl Shrimp by-Catch in the Fishing Grounds of Northern Persian Gulf (Hormuzgan Province). World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 5: 505-510.
King, M. 2007. Fisheries Biology, Assessment and Management. Blackwell Publishing.
Kuiter, R.H. & Tonozuka, T. 2001. Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Molidae. Zoonetics, Australia.
Lappalainen, A.; Saks, L.; Šuštar, M.; Heikinheimo, O.; Jürgens, K.; Kokkonen, E.; Kurkilahti, M.; Verliin, A. & Vetemaa, M. 2016. Length at maturity as a potential indicator of fishing pressure effects on coastal pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) stocks in the northern Baltic Sea. Fisheries Research 174: 47-57.
Martins-Juras, I.A.G. 1980. Estudo sobre o crescimento de Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) capturada nas costas do Rio Grande do Sul (Latitude 29oS a 32oS). Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico.
Mazlan, A.G. & Rohaya, M. 2008. Size, growth and reproductive biology of the giant mudskipper, Periopthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770) in Malaysian waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 24: 290-296.
Mcphail, A.S.; Shipton, T.A.; Sauer, W.H.H. & Leslie, R.W. 2001. Aspect of the biology of cape gurnard, Chelidonichthys capensis (Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa. Vie et Milieu 51: 217-227.
Mehanna, S.F. 2014. Reproductive dynamics of the common sole Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758) from Bardawill lagoon, North Sinai, Egypt. In: Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Tropentag, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the World. Wiley- Interscience, New York.
Nikolski, G.V. 1963. The Ecology of Fishes. Academic Press, London, UK.
Pradhan, M.J. 1965. Observation on the maturity and spawning of Psettodes erumei. Indian Journal of Fisheries 9: 580-589.
Rahman, M.M.; Hossain, M.Y.; Parvin, S.; Rahman, M.S.; Ahmed, Z.F.; Ohtomi, J. & Allah, E.F.A. 2016. Fecundity of the Threatened Fish, Mystus vittatus (Siluriformes: Bagridae) in the Padma River, Bangladesh. Sains Malaysiana 45: 899-907.
Ramanathan, N. & Natarajan, R. 1979. Breeding biology of Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schn.) and Pseudorhombus arsius (Ham. Buch.) Pisces: Pleuronectiformes along Porto Novo coast (S. India). Aquaculture 18: 269-282.
Shine, R. 1990. Proximate determinants of sexual differences in body size. American Naturalist 135: 278-283.
Simpson, A.C. 1959a. The spawning of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the Irish Sea. Fish Invest Lond Ser I1 22: 1-30.
Simpson, A.C. 1959b. The spawning of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the North Sea. Fish Invest Lond Ser I1 22:1-111.
Smida, M.A.B. & Hadhri, N. 2014. Reproductive cycle and size at first sexual maturity of common pandora Pagellus erythrinus (Sparidae) from the Bay of Monastir (Tunisia, Central Mediterranean). ANNALES Ser hist nat UDK 24 597.556.533: 591.516(262.526).
Thorsen, A.; Marshall, C.T. & Kjesbu, O.S. 2006. Comparison of various potential fecundity models for north-east Arctic cod Gadus morhua, L. using oocyte diameter as a standardizing factor. Journal of Fish Biology 69: 1709-1730.
Tokai, T. & Mitsuhashi, T. 1998. SELECT model for estimating selectivity curve from comparative fishing experiments. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography 62: 235-247.
Valinassab, T.; Ashtari, S.; Sedghi, N. & Daghoghi, B. 2008. Reproductive biology of Rachycentron canadum in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province waters). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 17: 143-152. (In Farsi with an English abstract)
Valinassab, T.; Daryanabard, G.R. & Pierce, J.G. 2006. Abundance of fish demersal resources in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Journal of Marine Biological Associations of the UK 86: 1455-1462.
Vazzoler, A.E.A.d.M. & Vazzoler, G. 1965. Relation between condition factor and sexual development in Sardinella aurita (Cuv. & Val. 1847). Anais Acad Bras Ciênc 37: 353-359.
West, G. 1990. Methods of assessing ovarian development in fishes: a review. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 41: 199-222.
Yasemi, M.; Keyvan, A.; Falahatkar, B.M.; Farzingohar, M.; Sharifpour, I.; Owfi, F.; Vossoughi, G.H. & Ahmadi, M.R. 2008. Pleuronectiformes species identification along the Iranian coastline of the Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 7: 103-120.
Yoneda, M. & Wright, P.J. 2004. Temporal and spatial variation in reproductive investment of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the northern North Sea and Scottish west coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series 276: 237-248.
Yoshikawa, N.; Mammaran, T.; Bavoh, E.M.; Ridzwan, A.R.; Tanaka, M. & Tagawa, M. 2012. Gonadal Development of the Primitive Flatfish Psettodes erumei in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Aquaculture Science 60: 475-483.
Zijlstra, J.J. 1973. Egg weight and fecundity in the North Sea herring (Clupea harengus). Netherlands Journal of Sea Researc 6: 173-204.
References
Abaszadeh, A.; Keivany, Y.; Soofiani, N.M. & Falahatimarvast, A. 2013. Reproductive biology of the greater lizardfish, Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795), in Bushehr coastal waters of Iran. Turkish Journal of Zoology 37: 717-722.
Abraham, M. & Nair, N.B. 1976. Food and feeding habits and breeding biology of the Indian halibut Psettodes erumei (Bloch and Schncider). Aquatic Biology 1: 43-63.
Ahmed, A.I.; Sharaf, M.M. & Laban, H.A. 2010. Reproduction of the Egyptian sole Solea aegyptiaca (Actinopterygii: Pleuronectiformes: Soleidae), from Port Said, Egypt, Mediterranean Sea. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 40: 161-166.
Alizadeh, R.; Kamrani, E.; Safaei, M. & Momeni, M. 2014. Reproductive biology of Sillago sihama in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province). Journal of Oceanography 5: 41-47. (In Farsi with an English abstract)
Ashghaly Farahani, S.; Valinasab, T. & Keyvan, A. 2005. Length frequency, length-weight relationship and distribution of Indian halibut in the Oman Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 14: 169-174.
Azh, Z.; Sourinezhad, I.; Kamrani, E. & Ghodrati shojaei, M. 2014. Ovary maturation process of Psettodes erumei in the coastal waters of the northern Persian Gulf (in Persian). Journal of Oceanography 10(19): 61-70. (In Farsi with an English abstract).
Bindu, L. & Padmakumar, K.G. 2014. Reproductive biology of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) from the Vembanad wetland system, Kerala. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 43: 646-654.
Biswas, S.P. 1993. Manual of methods in fish biology. 3 Nejati subhoshmary. the South Asian publishers Pty ltd, Daryagam, New Dehli, India.
Bye, V. 1984. The role of environmental factors in the timing of reproductive cycles. In: Potts, G.W. &Wootton R.J. (eds.), Fish reproduction, strategies and tactics. London: Academic Press.
Caputo, V.; Candi, G.; Colella, S. & Arneri, E. 2001. Reproductive biology of turbot (Psetta maxima) and brill (Scophthalmus rhombus) (Teleostei, Pleuronectiformes) in the Adriatic Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 68: 107-113.
Chellappa, S.; Câmara, M.R.; Chellappa, N.T.; Beveridge, M.C.M. & Huntingford, F.A. 2003. Reproductive ecology of a Neotropical cichlid fish Cichla monoculus (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology 63: 17-26.
Dadzie, S.; Abou‐Seedo, F. & Al‐Shallal, T. 2000. Reproductive biology of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen), in Kuwait waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 16: 247-253.
Darracott, A. 1977. Availability, morphometrics, feeding and breeding activity in a multi-species, demersal fish stock of the Western Indian Ocean. Journal of Fish Biology 10: 1-16.
Das, M. & Mishra, B. 1990. On the biology of Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schn.), an Indian Halibut. Indian Journal of Fisheries 37: 79-92.
Devadoss, P.; Mahadevan Pillai, P.K.; Natarajan, P. & Muniyandi, K. 1977. Observations on some aspects of the biology and fishery of Psettodes erumei (Bloch) at Porto Novo. Indian Journal of Fisheries 24: 62-68.
Eagderi, S.; Fricke, R.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Jalili, P. 2019. Annotated checklist of the fishes of the Persian Gulf: Diversity and conservation status. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 6(Suppl. 1): 1-171.
Eighani, M. & Paighambari, S.Y. 2014. Performance of a Square Mesh Panel in Capturing Immature Indian Halibut in Shrimp Trawlers in the Persian Gulf. Journal of the Persian Gulf (Marine Science) 5: 1-8.
Ekanem, S.B. 2000. Some reproductive aspects of Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede) from Cross River Nigeria. Naga, the ICLARM Quarterly 23: 24-28.
Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W.N. & Van der Laan, R. 2020. Eschmeyer's catalog of fishes: Genera, Species, References. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version accessed 28.07.2020.
Fontoura, N.F.; Braun, A.S. & Milani, P.C.C. 2009. Estimating size at first maturity (L50) from Gonadossomatic Index (GSI) data. Neotropical Ichthyology 7: 217-222.
Garcia-Diaz, M.; González, J.A.; Lorente, M.J. & Tuset, V.M. 2006. Spawning season, maturity sizes and fecundity in Hacktail Comber (Serranus atricauda) from the Eastern-Central Atlantic. Fishery Bulletin 104:159-166.
Ghaffari, H.; Hosseinzadeh Sahafi, H.; Engelhard, G.H. & Mekhanik Babaei, M. 2015. Reproductive biology of largescale tonguesole Cynoglossus arel in coastal waters of Bandar Abbas, Persian Gulf, Iran. Animal Reproduction Science 154: 142-157.
Ghanbarzadeh, M.; Kamrani, E.; Ranjbar, M.S.; Salarpouri, A. & Walters, C. 2020. Food and Feeding Habits of Indian halibut, Psettodes erumei from the North of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 7(2): 167-180.
Hamzeh, S.; Keivany, Y.; Soofiani, N.M. & Aein Jamshid, K. 2017. Reproductive biology of kingsoldier bream (Argyrops spinifer) in the Persian Gulf. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 26: 91-104. (In Farsi with an English abstract)
Hensley, D.A. 1997. Pleuronectidae. Righteye flounders. In: Carpenter K.E. & Niem V. (Eds.), FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Western Central Pacific.
IFO. 2017. Iranian Fisheries Statistical Yerarbook: Iranian Fisheries Organization (IFO) press (2015-2016). (In Farsi with an English abstract).
Jiménez, M.P.; Sobrino, I. & Ramos, F. 1998. Distribution pattern, reproductive biology, and fishery of the wedge sole Dicologlossa cuneata in the Gulf of Cadiz, south-west Spain. Marine Biology 131: 173-187.
Kamali, I.; Valinasab, T.; Ghodrati, M. & Behzadi, S. 2006. Estimates of maximum sustainable yield for six commercial demersal species in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (Hormuzgan province). Retrieved from http://aquaticcommons.org/25274.
Kamler, E. 2005. Parent-egg-progeny relationships in teleost fishes: An energetics perspective. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 15: 399-421.
Kartas, F. & Quignard, J.P. 1984. La fécondité des poissons téléostéens. Collection de biologie des milieux marins. Paris, France.
Kaymaram, F.; Hossainy, S.A.; Darvishi, M.; Talebzadeh, S.A. & Sadeghi, M.S. 2010. Reproduction and spawning patterns of the Scomberomorus commerson in the Iranian coastal waters of the Persian Gulf & Oman Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 9: 233-244.
Kazemi, S.H.; Paighambari, S.Y. & Abaspour Naderi, R. 2013. Species Composition of Trawl Shrimp by-Catch in the Fishing Grounds of Northern Persian Gulf (Hormuzgan Province). World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 5: 505-510.
King, M. 2007. Fisheries Biology, Assessment and Management. Blackwell Publishing.
Kuiter, R.H. & Tonozuka, T. 2001. Pictorial guide to Indonesian reef fishes. Molidae. Zoonetics, Australia.
Lappalainen, A.; Saks, L.; Šuštar, M.; Heikinheimo, O.; Jürgens, K.; Kokkonen, E.; Kurkilahti, M.; Verliin, A. & Vetemaa, M. 2016. Length at maturity as a potential indicator of fishing pressure effects on coastal pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) stocks in the northern Baltic Sea. Fisheries Research 174: 47-57.
Martins-Juras, I.A.G. 1980. Estudo sobre o crescimento de Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) capturada nas costas do Rio Grande do Sul (Latitude 29oS a 32oS). Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico.
Mazlan, A.G. & Rohaya, M. 2008. Size, growth and reproductive biology of the giant mudskipper, Periopthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770) in Malaysian waters. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 24: 290-296.
Mcphail, A.S.; Shipton, T.A.; Sauer, W.H.H. & Leslie, R.W. 2001. Aspect of the biology of cape gurnard, Chelidonichthys capensis (Scorpaeniformes: Triglidae) on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa. Vie et Milieu 51: 217-227.
Mehanna, S.F. 2014. Reproductive dynamics of the common sole Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758) from Bardawill lagoon, North Sinai, Egypt. In: Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development Tropentag, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the World. Wiley- Interscience, New York.
Nikolski, G.V. 1963. The Ecology of Fishes. Academic Press, London, UK.
Pradhan, M.J. 1965. Observation on the maturity and spawning of Psettodes erumei. Indian Journal of Fisheries 9: 580-589.
Rahman, M.M.; Hossain, M.Y.; Parvin, S.; Rahman, M.S.; Ahmed, Z.F.; Ohtomi, J. & Allah, E.F.A. 2016. Fecundity of the Threatened Fish, Mystus vittatus (Siluriformes: Bagridae) in the Padma River, Bangladesh. Sains Malaysiana 45: 899-907.
Ramanathan, N. & Natarajan, R. 1979. Breeding biology of Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schn.) and Pseudorhombus arsius (Ham. Buch.) Pisces: Pleuronectiformes along Porto Novo coast (S. India). Aquaculture 18: 269-282.
Shine, R. 1990. Proximate determinants of sexual differences in body size. American Naturalist 135: 278-283.
Simpson, A.C. 1959a. The spawning of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the Irish Sea. Fish Invest Lond Ser I1 22: 1-30.
Simpson, A.C. 1959b. The spawning of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the North Sea. Fish Invest Lond Ser I1 22:1-111.
Smida, M.A.B. & Hadhri, N. 2014. Reproductive cycle and size at first sexual maturity of common pandora Pagellus erythrinus (Sparidae) from the Bay of Monastir (Tunisia, Central Mediterranean). ANNALES Ser hist nat UDK 24 597.556.533: 591.516(262.526).
Thorsen, A.; Marshall, C.T. & Kjesbu, O.S. 2006. Comparison of various potential fecundity models for north-east Arctic cod Gadus morhua, L. using oocyte diameter as a standardizing factor. Journal of Fish Biology 69: 1709-1730.
Tokai, T. & Mitsuhashi, T. 1998. SELECT model for estimating selectivity curve from comparative fishing experiments. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Fisheries Oceanography 62: 235-247.
Valinassab, T.; Ashtari, S.; Sedghi, N. & Daghoghi, B. 2008. Reproductive biology of Rachycentron canadum in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province waters). Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal 17: 143-152. (In Farsi with an English abstract)
Valinassab, T.; Daryanabard, G.R. & Pierce, J.G. 2006. Abundance of fish demersal resources in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Journal of Marine Biological Associations of the UK 86: 1455-1462.
Vazzoler, A.E.A.d.M. & Vazzoler, G. 1965. Relation between condition factor and sexual development in Sardinella aurita (Cuv. & Val. 1847). Anais Acad Bras Ciênc 37: 353-359.
West, G. 1990. Methods of assessing ovarian development in fishes: a review. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 41: 199-222.
Yasemi, M.; Keyvan, A.; Falahatkar, B.M.; Farzingohar, M.; Sharifpour, I.; Owfi, F.; Vossoughi, G.H. & Ahmadi, M.R. 2008. Pleuronectiformes species identification along the Iranian coastline of the Persian Gulf. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 7: 103-120.
Yoneda, M. & Wright, P.J. 2004. Temporal and spatial variation in reproductive investment of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in the northern North Sea and Scottish west coast. Marine Ecology Progress Series 276: 237-248.
Yoshikawa, N.; Mammaran, T.; Bavoh, E.M.; Ridzwan, A.R.; Tanaka, M. & Tagawa, M. 2012. Gonadal Development of the Primitive Flatfish Psettodes erumei in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Aquaculture Science 60: 475-483.
Zijlstra, J.J. 1973. Egg weight and fecundity in the North Sea herring (Clupea harengus). Netherlands Journal of Sea Researc 6: 173-204.
Abraham, M. & Nair, N.B. 1976. Food and feeding habits and breeding biology of the Indian halibut Psettodes erumei (Bloch and Schncider). Aquatic Biology 1: 43-63.
Ahmed, A.I.; Sharaf, M.M. & Laban, H.A. 2010. Reproduction of the Egyptian sole Solea aegyptiaca (Actinopterygii: Pleuronectiformes: Soleidae), from Port Said, Egypt, Mediterranean Sea. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 40: 161-166.
Alizadeh, R.; Kamrani, E.; Safaei, M. & Momeni, M. 2014. Reproductive biology of Sillago sihama in the Persian Gulf (Hormozgan Province). Journal of Oceanography 5: 41-47. (In Farsi with an English abstract)
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