Main Article Content
Abstract
Osteological plasticity of Garra rufa (Heckel, 1843) populations inhabiting 29 rivers in four basins were described and compared. The skeletal elements of G. rufa specimens were stained, cleared and photographed. Studied populations have 12 differences in the head skeleton, four in jaw elements, three in suspensorium, two in opercular series, two in circumorbital series, four in hyoid arches, one in the branchial apparatus, three in Weberian apparatus, three in dorsal fin skeleton, one in anal fin skeleton, one in pectoral fin girdle, three in ventral fin skeleton and two in caudal fin skeleton. These differences could be results of evolutionary adaptations to new habitat conditions and can be used in comparative and phylogenetic studies.
Keywords
Cyprinidae
Osteology
Plasticity
Fish skeleton.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
ZAMANI-FARADONBE, M., KEIVANY, Y., & DORAFSHAN, S. (2020). Osteological plasticity of Garra rufa populations in Iranian inland waters (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 7(1), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v7i1.316
References
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Brock, J.P. 2000. The Evolution of adaptive systems. Academic Press, London, UK. 642 p.
Çiçek, E.; Fricke, R.; Sungur, S. & Eagderi, S. 2018. Endemic freshwater fishes of Turkey. FishTaxa 3(4): 1-39.
Coad, B.W. 2018. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. www.briancoad.com (Accessed 6 June 2018).
Eagderi, S. 2010. Structural diversity in the cranial evolutionary morphology of vertebrates musculoskeletal system in Anguilliformes: an evolutionary-morphological study. PhD. thesis, Department of Biology, University of Gent, Belgium. 156 p.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Review of the genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 in Iran with description of a new species: a morpho-molecular approach (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3: 82-121.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. 2018. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa 3(3): 1-95.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2018. FishBase. www.fishbase.org. World Wide Web Electronic Publication (Accessed 6 September 2018).
Geerinckx, T.; Brunain M.; Herrel A.; Aerts P. & Adriaens D. 2007. A head with a suckermouth: a functional-morphological study of the head of the suckermouth armoured catfish Ancistrus cf. triradiatus (Loricariidae, Siluriformes). Belgium Journal of Zoology 137(1): 47- 66.
Gosline, W.A. 1961. Some osteological features of modern lower teleostean fishes. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 142: 1-42.
Hashemzadeh Segherloo, I.; Abdoli, A.; Eagderi, S.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Bernatchez, L.; Hallerman, E.; Geiger, M.F.; Ozulug, M.; Laroche, J. & Freyhof, J. 2017. Dressing down: convergent reduction of the mental disc in Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Middle East. Hydrobiology 785(1): 1-13.
Helfman, G.S.; Collette, B.B.; Facey, D.E. & Bowen, B.W. 2009. The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
Jalili, P. & Eagderi, S. 2014. Osteological description of Iran cave barb (Iranocypris typhlops Bruun & Kaiser, 1944). University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 33: 1-7.
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S. & Zamani-Faradonbe, M. 2015. Comparative osteological study of Waspi, Cabdio morar (Hamilton, 1822) in Mashkil and Makran basins- southeast of Iran. Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research 3(2): 79-96. (In Persian)
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S.; Nasri, M. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2015b. Descriptive osteology study of Alburnus amirkabiri (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), a newly described species from namak lake basin, central of Iran. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 13(4): 51-62.
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2015c. Descriptive osteology of a spined loach, Cobitis avicennae from Iranian part of the Tigris basin. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 2(1): 53-60.
Keivany, Y. 2014a. Comparative osteology of the jaws in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Research in Zoology 4(2): 29-42.
Keivany, Y. 2014b. Pectoral girdle bones in eurypterygian fishes. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 2(5): 253-274.
Keivany, Y. 2014c. Comparative osteology of the suspensorial and opercular series in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1: 73-90.
Keivany, Y. 2017a. Eurypterygii caudal skeleton. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 4: 11-30.
Keivany, Y. 2017b. Osteological features of eurypterygian pelvic girdles. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 41: 989-1002.
Kotalawala, A.B. & Jinadasa J. 1991. Interrelationships among genera of Cyprinidae (Teleostei) as indicated by the caudal skeleton. Vidyod. Journal of Science 3(2): 47-59.
Menon, A.G.K. 1964. Monograph of the cyprinid fishes of the genus Garra Hamilton. Memoires of Indian Museum 14(4): 173-260.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Garra lorestanensis, a new cave fish from the Tigris River drainage with remarks on the subterranean fishes in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa 1: 45-54.
Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Vatandoust, S.; Fatemi, Y. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Tashan Cave a new cave fish locality for Iran; and Garra tashanensis, a new blind species from the Tigris River drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa 1(3): 133-148.
Nasri, M.; Eagderi, S. & Farahmand, H. 2016. Descriptive and comparative osteology of Bighead Lotak, Cyprinion milesi (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) from south-eastern Iran. Vertebrate Zoology 66(3): 251-260.
Rojo, A.L. 1991. Dictionary of evolutionary fish osteology, CRC Press, USA.
Sayyadzadeh, G.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Freyhof, J. 2015: Garra mondica, a new species from the Mond River drainage with remarks on the genus Garra from the Persian Gulf basin in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 4048: 75-89.
Sone, J. & Parenti, L.R. 1995. Clearing and staining whole fish specimens for simultaneous demonstration of Bone, cartilage, and nerves. Copeia 1: 114-118.
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. 1985. Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 9: 107-119.
Vladykov, V.D. 1954. Taxonomic characters of the Eastern North America Chars (Salvelinus and Christivomers). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11: 904-934.
Yalçin-Özdilek, Ş. & Ekmekçi, F.G. 2006. Preliminary data on the diet of Garra rufa (Cyprinidae) in the Asi basin (Orontes), Turkey. Cybium 30: 177-182.
Zamani-Faradonbe, M. & Keivany, Y. 2017. Descriptive osteology of Persian stone lapper (Garra persica) from Sistan basin. Journal of Animal Researches 30(3): 346-357. (In Persian)
Zhang, E.; He, S.P. & Chen, Y.Y. 2002. Revision of the cyprinid genus Placocheilus Wu, 1977 in China, with description of a new species from Yunnan. Hydrobiology 487(1): 207-217.
References
Brock, J.P. 2000. The Evolution of adaptive systems. Academic Press, London, UK. 642 p.
Çiçek, E.; Fricke, R.; Sungur, S. & Eagderi, S. 2018. Endemic freshwater fishes of Turkey. FishTaxa 3(4): 1-39.
Coad, B.W. 2018. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. www.briancoad.com (Accessed 6 June 2018).
Eagderi, S. 2010. Structural diversity in the cranial evolutionary morphology of vertebrates musculoskeletal system in Anguilliformes: an evolutionary-morphological study. PhD. thesis, Department of Biology, University of Gent, Belgium. 156 p.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Review of the genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 in Iran with description of a new species: a morpho-molecular approach (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3: 82-121.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. 2018. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa 3(3): 1-95.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2018. FishBase. www.fishbase.org. World Wide Web Electronic Publication (Accessed 6 September 2018).
Geerinckx, T.; Brunain M.; Herrel A.; Aerts P. & Adriaens D. 2007. A head with a suckermouth: a functional-morphological study of the head of the suckermouth armoured catfish Ancistrus cf. triradiatus (Loricariidae, Siluriformes). Belgium Journal of Zoology 137(1): 47- 66.
Gosline, W.A. 1961. Some osteological features of modern lower teleostean fishes. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 142: 1-42.
Hashemzadeh Segherloo, I.; Abdoli, A.; Eagderi, S.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Bernatchez, L.; Hallerman, E.; Geiger, M.F.; Ozulug, M.; Laroche, J. & Freyhof, J. 2017. Dressing down: convergent reduction of the mental disc in Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Middle East. Hydrobiology 785(1): 1-13.
Helfman, G.S.; Collette, B.B.; Facey, D.E. & Bowen, B.W. 2009. The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
Jalili, P. & Eagderi, S. 2014. Osteological description of Iran cave barb (Iranocypris typhlops Bruun & Kaiser, 1944). University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 33: 1-7.
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S. & Zamani-Faradonbe, M. 2015. Comparative osteological study of Waspi, Cabdio morar (Hamilton, 1822) in Mashkil and Makran basins- southeast of Iran. Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research 3(2): 79-96. (In Persian)
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S.; Nasri, M. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2015b. Descriptive osteology study of Alburnus amirkabiri (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), a newly described species from namak lake basin, central of Iran. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 13(4): 51-62.
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2015c. Descriptive osteology of a spined loach, Cobitis avicennae from Iranian part of the Tigris basin. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 2(1): 53-60.
Keivany, Y. 2014a. Comparative osteology of the jaws in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Research in Zoology 4(2): 29-42.
Keivany, Y. 2014b. Pectoral girdle bones in eurypterygian fishes. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 2(5): 253-274.
Keivany, Y. 2014c. Comparative osteology of the suspensorial and opercular series in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1: 73-90.
Keivany, Y. 2017a. Eurypterygii caudal skeleton. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 4: 11-30.
Keivany, Y. 2017b. Osteological features of eurypterygian pelvic girdles. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 41: 989-1002.
Kotalawala, A.B. & Jinadasa J. 1991. Interrelationships among genera of Cyprinidae (Teleostei) as indicated by the caudal skeleton. Vidyod. Journal of Science 3(2): 47-59.
Menon, A.G.K. 1964. Monograph of the cyprinid fishes of the genus Garra Hamilton. Memoires of Indian Museum 14(4): 173-260.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Garra lorestanensis, a new cave fish from the Tigris River drainage with remarks on the subterranean fishes in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa 1: 45-54.
Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Vatandoust, S.; Fatemi, Y. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Tashan Cave a new cave fish locality for Iran; and Garra tashanensis, a new blind species from the Tigris River drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa 1(3): 133-148.
Nasri, M.; Eagderi, S. & Farahmand, H. 2016. Descriptive and comparative osteology of Bighead Lotak, Cyprinion milesi (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) from south-eastern Iran. Vertebrate Zoology 66(3): 251-260.
Rojo, A.L. 1991. Dictionary of evolutionary fish osteology, CRC Press, USA.
Sayyadzadeh, G.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Freyhof, J. 2015: Garra mondica, a new species from the Mond River drainage with remarks on the genus Garra from the Persian Gulf basin in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 4048: 75-89.
Sone, J. & Parenti, L.R. 1995. Clearing and staining whole fish specimens for simultaneous demonstration of Bone, cartilage, and nerves. Copeia 1: 114-118.
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. 1985. Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 9: 107-119.
Vladykov, V.D. 1954. Taxonomic characters of the Eastern North America Chars (Salvelinus and Christivomers). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11: 904-934.
Yalçin-Özdilek, Ş. & Ekmekçi, F.G. 2006. Preliminary data on the diet of Garra rufa (Cyprinidae) in the Asi basin (Orontes), Turkey. Cybium 30: 177-182.
Zamani-Faradonbe, M. & Keivany, Y. 2017. Descriptive osteology of Persian stone lapper (Garra persica) from Sistan basin. Journal of Animal Researches 30(3): 346-357. (In Persian)
Zhang, E.; He, S.P. & Chen, Y.Y. 2002. Revision of the cyprinid genus Placocheilus Wu, 1977 in China, with description of a new species from Yunnan. Hydrobiology 487(1): 207-217.
Çiçek, E.; Fricke, R.; Sungur, S. & Eagderi, S. 2018. Endemic freshwater fishes of Turkey. FishTaxa 3(4): 1-39.
Coad, B.W. 2018. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. www.briancoad.com (Accessed 6 June 2018).
Eagderi, S. 2010. Structural diversity in the cranial evolutionary morphology of vertebrates musculoskeletal system in Anguilliformes: an evolutionary-morphological study. PhD. thesis, Department of Biology, University of Gent, Belgium. 156 p.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Review of the genus Garra Hamilton, 1822 in Iran with description of a new species: a morpho-molecular approach (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 3: 82-121.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Eagderi, S. & Abbasi, K. 2018. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Iran. FishTaxa 3(3): 1-95.
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. 2018. FishBase. www.fishbase.org. World Wide Web Electronic Publication (Accessed 6 September 2018).
Geerinckx, T.; Brunain M.; Herrel A.; Aerts P. & Adriaens D. 2007. A head with a suckermouth: a functional-morphological study of the head of the suckermouth armoured catfish Ancistrus cf. triradiatus (Loricariidae, Siluriformes). Belgium Journal of Zoology 137(1): 47- 66.
Gosline, W.A. 1961. Some osteological features of modern lower teleostean fishes. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 142: 1-42.
Hashemzadeh Segherloo, I.; Abdoli, A.; Eagderi, S.; Esmaeili, H.R.; Sayyadzadeh, G.; Bernatchez, L.; Hallerman, E.; Geiger, M.F.; Ozulug, M.; Laroche, J. & Freyhof, J. 2017. Dressing down: convergent reduction of the mental disc in Garra (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in the Middle East. Hydrobiology 785(1): 1-13.
Helfman, G.S.; Collette, B.B.; Facey, D.E. & Bowen, B.W. 2009. The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester.
Jalili, P. & Eagderi, S. 2014. Osteological description of Iran cave barb (Iranocypris typhlops Bruun & Kaiser, 1944). University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University 33: 1-7.
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S. & Zamani-Faradonbe, M. 2015. Comparative osteological study of Waspi, Cabdio morar (Hamilton, 1822) in Mashkil and Makran basins- southeast of Iran. Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research 3(2): 79-96. (In Persian)
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S.; Nasri, M. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2015b. Descriptive osteology study of Alburnus amirkabiri (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), a newly described species from namak lake basin, central of Iran. Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 13(4): 51-62.
Jalili, P.; Eagderi, S. & Mousavi-Sabet, H. 2015c. Descriptive osteology of a spined loach, Cobitis avicennae from Iranian part of the Tigris basin. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 2(1): 53-60.
Keivany, Y. 2014a. Comparative osteology of the jaws in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Research in Zoology 4(2): 29-42.
Keivany, Y. 2014b. Pectoral girdle bones in eurypterygian fishes. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 2(5): 253-274.
Keivany, Y. 2014c. Comparative osteology of the suspensorial and opercular series in representatives of the eurypterygian fishes. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1: 73-90.
Keivany, Y. 2017a. Eurypterygii caudal skeleton. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 4: 11-30.
Keivany, Y. 2017b. Osteological features of eurypterygian pelvic girdles. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology 41: 989-1002.
Kotalawala, A.B. & Jinadasa J. 1991. Interrelationships among genera of Cyprinidae (Teleostei) as indicated by the caudal skeleton. Vidyod. Journal of Science 3(2): 47-59.
Menon, A.G.K. 1964. Monograph of the cyprinid fishes of the genus Garra Hamilton. Memoires of Indian Museum 14(4): 173-260.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Garra lorestanensis, a new cave fish from the Tigris River drainage with remarks on the subterranean fishes in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa 1: 45-54.
Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Vatandoust, S.; Fatemi, Y. & Eagderi, S. 2016. Tashan Cave a new cave fish locality for Iran; and Garra tashanensis, a new blind species from the Tigris River drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). FishTaxa 1(3): 133-148.
Nasri, M.; Eagderi, S. & Farahmand, H. 2016. Descriptive and comparative osteology of Bighead Lotak, Cyprinion milesi (Cyprinidae: Cypriniformes) from south-eastern Iran. Vertebrate Zoology 66(3): 251-260.
Rojo, A.L. 1991. Dictionary of evolutionary fish osteology, CRC Press, USA.
Sayyadzadeh, G.; Esmaeili, H.R. & Freyhof, J. 2015: Garra mondica, a new species from the Mond River drainage with remarks on the genus Garra from the Persian Gulf basin in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 4048: 75-89.
Sone, J. & Parenti, L.R. 1995. Clearing and staining whole fish specimens for simultaneous demonstration of Bone, cartilage, and nerves. Copeia 1: 114-118.
Taylor, W.R. & Van Dyke, G.C. 1985. Revised procedures for staining and clearing small fishes and other vertebrates for bone and cartilage study. Cybium 9: 107-119.
Vladykov, V.D. 1954. Taxonomic characters of the Eastern North America Chars (Salvelinus and Christivomers). Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11: 904-934.
Yalçin-Özdilek, Ş. & Ekmekçi, F.G. 2006. Preliminary data on the diet of Garra rufa (Cyprinidae) in the Asi basin (Orontes), Turkey. Cybium 30: 177-182.
Zamani-Faradonbe, M. & Keivany, Y. 2017. Descriptive osteology of Persian stone lapper (Garra persica) from Sistan basin. Journal of Animal Researches 30(3): 346-357. (In Persian)
Zhang, E.; He, S.P. & Chen, Y.Y. 2002. Revision of the cyprinid genus Placocheilus Wu, 1977 in China, with description of a new species from Yunnan. Hydrobiology 487(1): 207-217.