Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the morphological responses of two different species including Capoeta gracilis and Alburnoides eichwaldii due to construction of the Tarik dam in the Sefidrud River using geometric morphometric technique. For this purpose, a total of 80 specimens of C. gracilis and 60 specimens of A. eichwaldii were collected from upstream and down-stream of dam. The left sides of specimens were photographed and14 and 18 landmark-points were digitized on 2D pictures of and C. gracilis and A. eichwaldii, respectively. The landmark data were submitted to GPA to remove non-shape data, analyzed by discriminate functional analysis and Ttest hotelling. The results showed no differences between the upstream and downstream populations of C. gracilis, but a significant difference found in A. eichwaldii in terms of body shape. The observed differences were related to head, snout, caudal peduncle regions and eye diameter that could be an adaptation to altered habitat and hydrological conditions of upstream and downstream due to damming. Different response of two studied species displayed that fishes can respond in different way to anthropogenic modifications of riverine ecosystem.
Keywords
Capoeta gracilis
Alburnoides eichwaldii
Geometric morphometrics
Sefidrud.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
EAGDERI, S., ESMAEILZADEGAN, E., & PIRBEIGI, A. (2015). Morphological responses of Capoeta gracilis and Alburnoides eichwaldii populations (Cyprinidae) fragmented due to Tarik Dam (Sefidrud River, Caspian Sea basin, Iran). Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 1(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v1i2.46
References
-
Abdurakhmanov, Y. 1962. Freshwater Fishes of Azerbaijan. Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR, Institute Zoology, Baku, Azarbaijan.
Baxter, R.M. 1977. Environmental effects of dams and impoundments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8: 255–283.
Bookstein F.L. (1991). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Craig, J.F. 2001. Large Dams and Freshwater Fish Biodiversity. World Commission on Dams, prepared for thematic review II.1: Dams, ecosystem functions and environmental Restoration: 59 pp.
Coad, B. 2014. Fresh water fishes of Iran. www.briancoad.com (accessed 1 February 2014).
Dadikyan, M.G. 1972. A new subspecies of the European riffle minnow Alburnoides bipunctatus armeniensis sub sp. nov. Journal of Ichthyology 12: 519-522.
Eagderi, S. & Kamal, S. 2013. Application of geometric morphomerics approach in phenotypic plasticity investigations of fishes: A case study of killifish (Aphanius sophiae) body shape comparison in Cheshme-Ali (Damghan) and Shour River (Eshtehard). Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research 1(2): 47-52.
Eagderi, S.; Esmaeilzadegan, E. & Maddah, A. 2013. Body shape variation in riffle minnows (Alburnoides eichwaldii De Filippii, 1863) populations of Caspian Sea basin. Taxonomy and Biosystematics 5(14): 1-8.
Ehlinger, T.J. & Wilson, D.S. 1988. A complex foraging polymorphism in bluegill sunfish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85:1878-1882.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Coad, B.W.; Gholamifard, A.; Nazari, N. & Teimory, A. 2010. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Zoosystematica Rossica 19: 361–386.
Graf, W.L. 1999. Dam nation: a geographic census of American dams and their large scale hydrologic impacts. Water Resources Research 35: 1305–1311.
Guill, J.M.; Hood, C.S. & Heins, D.C. 2003. Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12: 134–140.
Haas, T.C.; Blum, M.J. & Heins D.C. 2011. Morphological responses of a stream fish to water impoundment. Biology Letter. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0401
Heidari, A.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Khoshkholgh, M.; Esmaeili H.R. & Eagderi, S. 2013. The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of Siah Mahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(4): 195-201.
Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 34: 487-515.
Fisher, R. & Hogan, J.D. 2007. Morphological predictors of swimming speed: a case study of pre-settlement juvenile coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 2436 -2443
Jager, H.I.; Chandler, J.A.; Lepla K.B. & Winkle, W.V. 2001. A theoretical study of river fragmentation by dams and its effect on white sturgeon populations. Environmental Biology of Fishes 60: 347–361.
Khataminejad, S.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Sattari, M.; Vatandoust, S. & Eagderi, S. 2013. A comparative study on body shape of the genus Alburnus (Rafinesque, 1820) in Iran, using geometric morphometric analysis. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 11 (2): 205-215.
Knouft, J.H. 2003. Convergence, divergence, and the effect of congeners on body size ratios in stream fishes. Evolution 57: 2374-2383.
Langerhans, R.B.; Layman, C.A.; Langerhans, A.K. & DeWitt, T.J. 2003. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of Linnaean Society 80: 689–698.
Langerhans, R.B. & Reznick, D.N. 2010. Ecology and evolution of swimming performance in fishes: predicting evolution with biomechanics. In: Domenici, P. & Kapoor B.G. (eds), Fish Locomotion: An Ecoethological Perspective, Science Publishers, Enfield. pp. 200–248.
Lattuca, M.E.; Ortubay, S.; Battini, M.A.; Barriga, J.P. & Cussac, V.E. 2007. Presumptive environmental effects on body shape of Aplochiton zebra (Pisces, Galaxiidae) in northern Patagonian lakes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23: 25–33.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Loy, A.; Boglione, C. & Cataudella, S. 1999. Geometric morphometrics and morpho-anatomy: a combined tool in the study of sea bream (Sparus aurata) shape. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15: 104–110.
McAllister, D.E.; Craig, J.F.; Davidson, N.; Delany, S. & Seddon, M. 2001. Biodiversity Impacts of Large Dams. Background Paper Nr. 1, Prepared for IUCN / UNEP / WCD.
Meldgaard, T.; Nielsen, E.E. & Loeschcke, V. 2003. Fragmentation by weirs in a riverine system: a study of genetic variation in time and space among populations of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in a Danish River system. Conservation Genetics 4: 735–747.
Mohadasi, M.; Shabanipour, N. & Eagderi, S. 2013. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in four Shemaya, Alburnus chalcoides (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) populations in the southern Caspian Sea using geometric morphometrics analysis. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(2): 82-92.
Moyle, P.B. & Cech, J.J. 2000. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Padilla, D.K. & Adolph, S.C. 1996. Plastic inducible morphologies are not always adaptive: the importance of time delays in a stochastic environment. Evolutionary Ecology 10: 105–117.
Proulx, R. & Magnan, P. 2004. Contribution of phenotypic plasticity and heredity to the trophic polymorphism of lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis M.). Evolutionary Ecology Research 6:503–522.
Robinson, B.W. & Wilson, D.S. 1996. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in a trophically polymorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Evolutionary Ecology 10: 631–652.
Ruehl, C.B. & DeWitt T.J. 2005. Trophic plasticity and fine-grained resource variation in populations of western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7: 801–819.
Svanbäck, R. & Eklöv, P. 2006. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity: causes of morphological variation in Eurasian perch. Evolutionary Ecology Research 8: 37-49.
Turan, C. 1999. A note on the examination of morphometric differentiation among fish populations: The truss system. Turkish Journal of Zoology 23: 259-263.
Turan, C. 2008. Molecular systematics of the Capoeta (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) species complex inferred from mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequence data. Acta zoological 51: 1–14.
Valipour, A.R. 2004. An investigation of Capoeta capoeta feeding in Makoo Dam Lake. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(2):163-176. In Farsi.
Vogel, S. 1994. Life in Moving Fluids. 2nd Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Webb, P.W. 1982. Locomotor patterns in the evolution of actinopterygian fishes. American Zoologist 22: 329–342.
Winemiller, K.O. 1992. Ecological divergence and convergence in freshwater fishes. National Geographic Research 8:308-327.
Yamamoto, S.; Morita K.; Koizumi, I. & Maekawa, K. 2004. Genetic differentiation of white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) populations after habitat fragmentation: spatial–temporal changes in gene frequencies. Conservation Genetics 5:529–538.
Zelditch, M.L.; Swiderski, D.L.; Sheets, H.D. & Fink, W.L. 2004. Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer. Elsevier Academic Press, London, UK.
References
Abdurakhmanov, Y. 1962. Freshwater Fishes of Azerbaijan. Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR, Institute Zoology, Baku, Azarbaijan.
Baxter, R.M. 1977. Environmental effects of dams and impoundments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8: 255–283.
Bookstein F.L. (1991). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Craig, J.F. 2001. Large Dams and Freshwater Fish Biodiversity. World Commission on Dams, prepared for thematic review II.1: Dams, ecosystem functions and environmental Restoration: 59 pp.
Coad, B. 2014. Fresh water fishes of Iran. www.briancoad.com (accessed 1 February 2014).
Dadikyan, M.G. 1972. A new subspecies of the European riffle minnow Alburnoides bipunctatus armeniensis sub sp. nov. Journal of Ichthyology 12: 519-522.
Eagderi, S. & Kamal, S. 2013. Application of geometric morphomerics approach in phenotypic plasticity investigations of fishes: A case study of killifish (Aphanius sophiae) body shape comparison in Cheshme-Ali (Damghan) and Shour River (Eshtehard). Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research 1(2): 47-52.
Eagderi, S.; Esmaeilzadegan, E. & Maddah, A. 2013. Body shape variation in riffle minnows (Alburnoides eichwaldii De Filippii, 1863) populations of Caspian Sea basin. Taxonomy and Biosystematics 5(14): 1-8.
Ehlinger, T.J. & Wilson, D.S. 1988. A complex foraging polymorphism in bluegill sunfish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85:1878-1882.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Coad, B.W.; Gholamifard, A.; Nazari, N. & Teimory, A. 2010. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Zoosystematica Rossica 19: 361–386.
Graf, W.L. 1999. Dam nation: a geographic census of American dams and their large scale hydrologic impacts. Water Resources Research 35: 1305–1311.
Guill, J.M.; Hood, C.S. & Heins, D.C. 2003. Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12: 134–140.
Haas, T.C.; Blum, M.J. & Heins D.C. 2011. Morphological responses of a stream fish to water impoundment. Biology Letter. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0401
Heidari, A.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Khoshkholgh, M.; Esmaeili H.R. & Eagderi, S. 2013. The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of Siah Mahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(4): 195-201.
Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 34: 487-515.
Fisher, R. & Hogan, J.D. 2007. Morphological predictors of swimming speed: a case study of pre-settlement juvenile coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 2436 -2443
Jager, H.I.; Chandler, J.A.; Lepla K.B. & Winkle, W.V. 2001. A theoretical study of river fragmentation by dams and its effect on white sturgeon populations. Environmental Biology of Fishes 60: 347–361.
Khataminejad, S.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Sattari, M.; Vatandoust, S. & Eagderi, S. 2013. A comparative study on body shape of the genus Alburnus (Rafinesque, 1820) in Iran, using geometric morphometric analysis. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 11 (2): 205-215.
Knouft, J.H. 2003. Convergence, divergence, and the effect of congeners on body size ratios in stream fishes. Evolution 57: 2374-2383.
Langerhans, R.B.; Layman, C.A.; Langerhans, A.K. & DeWitt, T.J. 2003. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of Linnaean Society 80: 689–698.
Langerhans, R.B. & Reznick, D.N. 2010. Ecology and evolution of swimming performance in fishes: predicting evolution with biomechanics. In: Domenici, P. & Kapoor B.G. (eds), Fish Locomotion: An Ecoethological Perspective, Science Publishers, Enfield. pp. 200–248.
Lattuca, M.E.; Ortubay, S.; Battini, M.A.; Barriga, J.P. & Cussac, V.E. 2007. Presumptive environmental effects on body shape of Aplochiton zebra (Pisces, Galaxiidae) in northern Patagonian lakes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23: 25–33.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Loy, A.; Boglione, C. & Cataudella, S. 1999. Geometric morphometrics and morpho-anatomy: a combined tool in the study of sea bream (Sparus aurata) shape. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15: 104–110.
McAllister, D.E.; Craig, J.F.; Davidson, N.; Delany, S. & Seddon, M. 2001. Biodiversity Impacts of Large Dams. Background Paper Nr. 1, Prepared for IUCN / UNEP / WCD.
Meldgaard, T.; Nielsen, E.E. & Loeschcke, V. 2003. Fragmentation by weirs in a riverine system: a study of genetic variation in time and space among populations of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in a Danish River system. Conservation Genetics 4: 735–747.
Mohadasi, M.; Shabanipour, N. & Eagderi, S. 2013. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in four Shemaya, Alburnus chalcoides (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) populations in the southern Caspian Sea using geometric morphometrics analysis. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(2): 82-92.
Moyle, P.B. & Cech, J.J. 2000. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Padilla, D.K. & Adolph, S.C. 1996. Plastic inducible morphologies are not always adaptive: the importance of time delays in a stochastic environment. Evolutionary Ecology 10: 105–117.
Proulx, R. & Magnan, P. 2004. Contribution of phenotypic plasticity and heredity to the trophic polymorphism of lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis M.). Evolutionary Ecology Research 6:503–522.
Robinson, B.W. & Wilson, D.S. 1996. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in a trophically polymorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Evolutionary Ecology 10: 631–652.
Ruehl, C.B. & DeWitt T.J. 2005. Trophic plasticity and fine-grained resource variation in populations of western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7: 801–819.
Svanbäck, R. & Eklöv, P. 2006. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity: causes of morphological variation in Eurasian perch. Evolutionary Ecology Research 8: 37-49.
Turan, C. 1999. A note on the examination of morphometric differentiation among fish populations: The truss system. Turkish Journal of Zoology 23: 259-263.
Turan, C. 2008. Molecular systematics of the Capoeta (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) species complex inferred from mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequence data. Acta zoological 51: 1–14.
Valipour, A.R. 2004. An investigation of Capoeta capoeta feeding in Makoo Dam Lake. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(2):163-176. In Farsi.
Vogel, S. 1994. Life in Moving Fluids. 2nd Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Webb, P.W. 1982. Locomotor patterns in the evolution of actinopterygian fishes. American Zoologist 22: 329–342.
Winemiller, K.O. 1992. Ecological divergence and convergence in freshwater fishes. National Geographic Research 8:308-327.
Yamamoto, S.; Morita K.; Koizumi, I. & Maekawa, K. 2004. Genetic differentiation of white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) populations after habitat fragmentation: spatial–temporal changes in gene frequencies. Conservation Genetics 5:529–538.
Zelditch, M.L.; Swiderski, D.L.; Sheets, H.D. & Fink, W.L. 2004. Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer. Elsevier Academic Press, London, UK.
Baxter, R.M. 1977. Environmental effects of dams and impoundments. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 8: 255–283.
Bookstein F.L. (1991). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Craig, J.F. 2001. Large Dams and Freshwater Fish Biodiversity. World Commission on Dams, prepared for thematic review II.1: Dams, ecosystem functions and environmental Restoration: 59 pp.
Coad, B. 2014. Fresh water fishes of Iran. www.briancoad.com (accessed 1 February 2014).
Dadikyan, M.G. 1972. A new subspecies of the European riffle minnow Alburnoides bipunctatus armeniensis sub sp. nov. Journal of Ichthyology 12: 519-522.
Eagderi, S. & Kamal, S. 2013. Application of geometric morphomerics approach in phenotypic plasticity investigations of fishes: A case study of killifish (Aphanius sophiae) body shape comparison in Cheshme-Ali (Damghan) and Shour River (Eshtehard). Journal of Applied Ichthyological Research 1(2): 47-52.
Eagderi, S.; Esmaeilzadegan, E. & Maddah, A. 2013. Body shape variation in riffle minnows (Alburnoides eichwaldii De Filippii, 1863) populations of Caspian Sea basin. Taxonomy and Biosystematics 5(14): 1-8.
Ehlinger, T.J. & Wilson, D.S. 1988. A complex foraging polymorphism in bluegill sunfish. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 85:1878-1882.
Esmaeili, H.R.; Coad, B.W.; Gholamifard, A.; Nazari, N. & Teimory, A. 2010. Annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Iran. Zoosystematica Rossica 19: 361–386.
Graf, W.L. 1999. Dam nation: a geographic census of American dams and their large scale hydrologic impacts. Water Resources Research 35: 1305–1311.
Guill, J.M.; Hood, C.S. & Heins, D.C. 2003. Body shape variation within and among three species of darters (Perciformes: Percidae). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12: 134–140.
Haas, T.C.; Blum, M.J. & Heins D.C. 2011. Morphological responses of a stream fish to water impoundment. Biology Letter. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0401
Heidari, A.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Khoshkholgh, M.; Esmaeili H.R. & Eagderi, S. 2013. The impact of Manjil and Tarik dams (Sefidroud River, southern Caspian Sea basin) on morphological traits of Siah Mahi Capoeta gracilis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(4): 195-201.
Fahrig, L. 2003. Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 34: 487-515.
Fisher, R. & Hogan, J.D. 2007. Morphological predictors of swimming speed: a case study of pre-settlement juvenile coral reef fishes. Journal of Experimental Biology 210: 2436 -2443
Jager, H.I.; Chandler, J.A.; Lepla K.B. & Winkle, W.V. 2001. A theoretical study of river fragmentation by dams and its effect on white sturgeon populations. Environmental Biology of Fishes 60: 347–361.
Khataminejad, S.; Mousavi-Sabet, H.; Sattari, M.; Vatandoust, S. & Eagderi, S. 2013. A comparative study on body shape of the genus Alburnus (Rafinesque, 1820) in Iran, using geometric morphometric analysis. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 11 (2): 205-215.
Knouft, J.H. 2003. Convergence, divergence, and the effect of congeners on body size ratios in stream fishes. Evolution 57: 2374-2383.
Langerhans, R.B.; Layman, C.A.; Langerhans, A.K. & DeWitt, T.J. 2003. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in two Neotropical fish species. Biological Journal of Linnaean Society 80: 689–698.
Langerhans, R.B. & Reznick, D.N. 2010. Ecology and evolution of swimming performance in fishes: predicting evolution with biomechanics. In: Domenici, P. & Kapoor B.G. (eds), Fish Locomotion: An Ecoethological Perspective, Science Publishers, Enfield. pp. 200–248.
Lattuca, M.E.; Ortubay, S.; Battini, M.A.; Barriga, J.P. & Cussac, V.E. 2007. Presumptive environmental effects on body shape of Aplochiton zebra (Pisces, Galaxiidae) in northern Patagonian lakes. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 23: 25–33.
Lowe-McConnell, R.H. 1987. Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Loy, A.; Boglione, C. & Cataudella, S. 1999. Geometric morphometrics and morpho-anatomy: a combined tool in the study of sea bream (Sparus aurata) shape. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 15: 104–110.
McAllister, D.E.; Craig, J.F.; Davidson, N.; Delany, S. & Seddon, M. 2001. Biodiversity Impacts of Large Dams. Background Paper Nr. 1, Prepared for IUCN / UNEP / WCD.
Meldgaard, T.; Nielsen, E.E. & Loeschcke, V. 2003. Fragmentation by weirs in a riverine system: a study of genetic variation in time and space among populations of European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in a Danish River system. Conservation Genetics 4: 735–747.
Mohadasi, M.; Shabanipour, N. & Eagderi, S. 2013. Habitat-associated morphological divergence in four Shemaya, Alburnus chalcoides (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) populations in the southern Caspian Sea using geometric morphometrics analysis. International Journal of Aquatic Biology 1(2): 82-92.
Moyle, P.B. & Cech, J.J. 2000. Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Padilla, D.K. & Adolph, S.C. 1996. Plastic inducible morphologies are not always adaptive: the importance of time delays in a stochastic environment. Evolutionary Ecology 10: 105–117.
Proulx, R. & Magnan, P. 2004. Contribution of phenotypic plasticity and heredity to the trophic polymorphism of lacustrine brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis M.). Evolutionary Ecology Research 6:503–522.
Robinson, B.W. & Wilson, D.S. 1996. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in a trophically polymorphic population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). Evolutionary Ecology 10: 631–652.
Ruehl, C.B. & DeWitt T.J. 2005. Trophic plasticity and fine-grained resource variation in populations of western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7: 801–819.
Svanbäck, R. & Eklöv, P. 2006. Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity: causes of morphological variation in Eurasian perch. Evolutionary Ecology Research 8: 37-49.
Turan, C. 1999. A note on the examination of morphometric differentiation among fish populations: The truss system. Turkish Journal of Zoology 23: 259-263.
Turan, C. 2008. Molecular systematics of the Capoeta (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) species complex inferred from mitochondrial 16s rDNA sequence data. Acta zoological 51: 1–14.
Valipour, A.R. 2004. An investigation of Capoeta capoeta feeding in Makoo Dam Lake. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(2):163-176. In Farsi.
Vogel, S. 1994. Life in Moving Fluids. 2nd Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Webb, P.W. 1982. Locomotor patterns in the evolution of actinopterygian fishes. American Zoologist 22: 329–342.
Winemiller, K.O. 1992. Ecological divergence and convergence in freshwater fishes. National Geographic Research 8:308-327.
Yamamoto, S.; Morita K.; Koizumi, I. & Maekawa, K. 2004. Genetic differentiation of white-spotted charr (Salvelinus leucomaenis) populations after habitat fragmentation: spatial–temporal changes in gene frequencies. Conservation Genetics 5:529–538.
Zelditch, M.L.; Swiderski, D.L.; Sheets, H.D. & Fink, W.L. 2004. Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists: A Primer. Elsevier Academic Press, London, UK.