Main Article Content
Abstract
Recent development in the nanotechnology industry and increase in the number of products manufactured by nanoparticles has inevitably contributed to the discharging of nanomaterials into the aquatic ecosystems. To improve the harmful effects of these toxic materials diverse complements like dietary nucleotides (NT) have been proposed. The effects of dietary NT on silver bioaccumulation in gill and muscle tissues were described after exposure to various concentrations of water-borne silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and/or silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the present investigation. Specimens of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, were divided into two groups fed with two different diets (control and NTsupplemented 0.75%) over a period of 10 weeks and were subsequently exposed to various concentrations of AgNPs and AgNO3 under static-renewal conditions for 10 days as follow: 1μg/L AgNPs, 1μg/L AgNO3, 20μg/L AgNPs and 20μg/L AgNO3. After the exposure period, samples of gill and muscle tissue were taken to measure silver bioaccumulation via atomic absorption spectrometry. Silver bioaccumulation in gills was about 5-10 times higher than those measured in the muscles. By increasing silver concentrations in the water, its accumulation in the tissues increased significantly. Generally, AgNO3tended to accumulate more than AgNPs in both tissues and all used concentrations. Fish fed on dietary NT showed lower silver accumulation levels in both tissues; although, the lower accumulation was more clear in gills in comparison to the muscles. It could be concluded that adding NT to the diet of striped catfish could significantly boost the fish defense against silver accumulation, but it is recommended to do some detailed studies to find out its mechanism.
Keywords
Atomic absorption
Nanotechnology
Ornamental fish
Toxicity.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
POURNORI, B., DORAFSHAN, S., & PAYKAN HEYRATI, F. (2017). Bioaccumulation of water-borne silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, fed dietary nucleotides. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 4(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v4i1.180
References
-
Bahrami Babaheydari, S.; Dorafshan, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Mahboobi Soofiani, N. & Vahabi, M.R. 2014. The physiological changes, growth performance and whole body composition of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fed on diet containing wood betony, Stachys lavandulifolia extract. Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology 16: 1565-1574.
Bahrami Babaheydari, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S.; Mahboobi Soofiani, N. & Vahabi, M.R. 2015. Effect of dietary wood betony, Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters of Common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4): 805-817.
Benjamin, J.; Shaw, B.J. & Handy, R.D. 2011. Physiological effects of nanoparticles on fish: A comparison of nanometals versus metal ions. Environment International 37:1083-1097.
Blaise, C.; Gagne, F.; Ferard, J.F. & Eullaffroy, P. 2008. Ecotoxicity of selected nano-materials to aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology 23(5): 591-598.
Burrells, C.; William, P.D.; Southage, P.J. & Wadsworth, S.L. 2001. Dietary nucleotides: a novelsupplement in fish feeds. II. Effects on vaccination, salt water transfer, growth rate and physiology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 199: 171-184.
Castellano, J.J.; Shafii, S.M.; Ko, F.; Donate, G.; Wright, T.E.; Mannari, R.J.; Payne, W.G.; Smith, D.J. & Robson, M.C. 2007. Comparative evaluation of silver-containing antimicrobial dressing and drugs. International Wound Journal 4(2): 122-134.
Chae, Y.J.; Pham, C.H.; Lee, J.; Bae, E.; Yi, J. & Gu, M.B. 2009. Evaluation of the toxic impact of silver nanoparticles on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Aquatic Toxicology 94: 320-327.
Colvin, V.L. 2003. The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials.Nature Biotechnology 21(10): 1166-1170.
Holen, E. & Jonsson, R. 2004. Dietary nucleotides and intestinal cell lines. I. Modulationof growth. Nutrition Research 24: 197-207.
Kalbassi, M.R.; Abdollahzadeh, E. & Salari Joo, H. 2012. The effect of colloidal silver nanoparticles on the intestinal bacterial flora population of rainbow trout fish (Onchorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 181-189 (In Farsi).
Kim, S.G.; Jee, J.H. & Kang, J.C. 2004. Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub-chronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution 127: 117-123.
Kreyling, W.G.; Semmler-Behnke, M. & Chaudhry, Q.A. 2010. Complementary definition of nanomaterial. Nanotoday 5(3): 165-168.
Leonardi, M.; Sandino, A.M. & Klempau, A. 2003. Effect of a nucleotide-enriched diet on the immune system, plasma cortisol levels and resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Bulletin Europe Association Fish Pathologists 23: 52-59.
Li, P. & Gatlin III, D.M. 2006. Nucleotide nutrition in fish: current knowledge and future applications. Aquaculture 251:141-152.
Palermo, F.A.; Cardinaletti, G.; Cocci, P.; Tibaldi, E.; Polzonetti-Magni, A. & Mosconi, G. 2013. Effects of dietary nucleotides on acute stress response and cannabinoid receptor 1 mRNAs in sole (Solea solea). Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology164: 477-482.
Orojali, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahboobi Soofiani, N. 2014. Bioaccumulation of waterborne cadmium and its effect on carcassquality of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Iranian Veterinary Journal 10(3): 11-22 (In Farsi).
Rai, M.; Yadav, A. & Gade, A. 2009. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology Advances 27(1): 76-83.
Razmara, P.; Paykan Heyrati, F. & Dorafshan, S. 2014a. Effect of silver nanoparticles on some hematological indices of rainbow catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Cell & Tissue Journal 5(3): 263-272 (In Farsi).
Razmara, P.; Dorafshan, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Talebi, M. & Ranjbar, M. 2014b. Effect of water-borne colloidal silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on gill histopathology of Rainbow catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Journal of Aquatic Ecology 3(3): 10-18 (In Farsi).
Salari Joo, H.; Kalbassi, M.R.; Yu, I.J.; Lee, J.H. & Johari, S.A. 2013. Bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Influence of concentration and salinity. Aquatic Toxicology140: 396-408.
Scown, T.M.; Santos, E.M.; Johnston, B.D.; Gaiser, B.; Baalousha, M.; Mitov, S.; Lead, J.R.; Stone, V.; Fernandes, T.F.; Jepson, M.; Aerle, R.V. & Tyler, C.R. 2010. Effects of aqueous exposure to silver nanoparticles of different sizes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicology Science115: 521-534.
Shaw, B.J.; Al-Bairuty, G. & Handy, R.D. 2012. Effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss) physiology and accumulation. Aquatic Toxicology 116-117: 90-101.
Sovova, T.; Boyle, D.; Sloman, K.A.; Perez, C.V. & Handy, R.D. 2014. Impaired behavioral response to alarm substance in rainbow trout exposed to copper nanoparticles. Aquatic Toxicology 152: 195-204.
Takenaka, S.; Karg, E.; Roth, C.; Schulz, H.; Ziesenis, A. & Heinzmann, U. 2001. Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(4): 547-551.
Vidthayanon, C. & Hogan, Z. 2013. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org/ details/180689/0 (accessed on 19 January 2017).
Wang, T.; Long, X.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, Z. & Yan, S. 2014. The potential toxicity of copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on juvenile Orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coicoides. Aquatic Toxicology 14:101-105.
Welker, T.L.; Lim, C.; Yildirim-Aksoy, M. & Klesius, P.H. 2011. Effects of dietary supplementation of a purified nucleotide mixture on immune function and disease and stress resistance in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture Research 42: 1878-1889.
Yaghobi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Akhlaghi, M.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahmoudi, N. 2014. Intestinal microbiota of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) fed on dietary nucleotide. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1 (4): 274-280.
Yaghobi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahmoudi, N. 2015a. Serum biochemical changes and acute stress responses of the endangered iridescent catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus supplied with dietary nucleotide. Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology 17: 1161-1170.
Yaghobi, M.; Dorafshan, S.; Akhlaghi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F. & Mahmoudi, N. 2015b. Immune responses and intestinal morphology of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878), fed dietary nucleotides. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31: 83-87.
References
Bahrami Babaheydari, S.; Dorafshan, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Mahboobi Soofiani, N. & Vahabi, M.R. 2014. The physiological changes, growth performance and whole body composition of common carp, Cyprinus carpio fed on diet containing wood betony, Stachys lavandulifolia extract. Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology 16: 1565-1574.
Bahrami Babaheydari, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S.; Mahboobi Soofiani, N. & Vahabi, M.R. 2015. Effect of dietary wood betony, Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters of Common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4): 805-817.
Benjamin, J.; Shaw, B.J. & Handy, R.D. 2011. Physiological effects of nanoparticles on fish: A comparison of nanometals versus metal ions. Environment International 37:1083-1097.
Blaise, C.; Gagne, F.; Ferard, J.F. & Eullaffroy, P. 2008. Ecotoxicity of selected nano-materials to aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology 23(5): 591-598.
Burrells, C.; William, P.D.; Southage, P.J. & Wadsworth, S.L. 2001. Dietary nucleotides: a novelsupplement in fish feeds. II. Effects on vaccination, salt water transfer, growth rate and physiology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 199: 171-184.
Castellano, J.J.; Shafii, S.M.; Ko, F.; Donate, G.; Wright, T.E.; Mannari, R.J.; Payne, W.G.; Smith, D.J. & Robson, M.C. 2007. Comparative evaluation of silver-containing antimicrobial dressing and drugs. International Wound Journal 4(2): 122-134.
Chae, Y.J.; Pham, C.H.; Lee, J.; Bae, E.; Yi, J. & Gu, M.B. 2009. Evaluation of the toxic impact of silver nanoparticles on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Aquatic Toxicology 94: 320-327.
Colvin, V.L. 2003. The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials.Nature Biotechnology 21(10): 1166-1170.
Holen, E. & Jonsson, R. 2004. Dietary nucleotides and intestinal cell lines. I. Modulationof growth. Nutrition Research 24: 197-207.
Kalbassi, M.R.; Abdollahzadeh, E. & Salari Joo, H. 2012. The effect of colloidal silver nanoparticles on the intestinal bacterial flora population of rainbow trout fish (Onchorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 181-189 (In Farsi).
Kim, S.G.; Jee, J.H. & Kang, J.C. 2004. Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub-chronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution 127: 117-123.
Kreyling, W.G.; Semmler-Behnke, M. & Chaudhry, Q.A. 2010. Complementary definition of nanomaterial. Nanotoday 5(3): 165-168.
Leonardi, M.; Sandino, A.M. & Klempau, A. 2003. Effect of a nucleotide-enriched diet on the immune system, plasma cortisol levels and resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Bulletin Europe Association Fish Pathologists 23: 52-59.
Li, P. & Gatlin III, D.M. 2006. Nucleotide nutrition in fish: current knowledge and future applications. Aquaculture 251:141-152.
Palermo, F.A.; Cardinaletti, G.; Cocci, P.; Tibaldi, E.; Polzonetti-Magni, A. & Mosconi, G. 2013. Effects of dietary nucleotides on acute stress response and cannabinoid receptor 1 mRNAs in sole (Solea solea). Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology164: 477-482.
Orojali, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahboobi Soofiani, N. 2014. Bioaccumulation of waterborne cadmium and its effect on carcassquality of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Iranian Veterinary Journal 10(3): 11-22 (In Farsi).
Rai, M.; Yadav, A. & Gade, A. 2009. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology Advances 27(1): 76-83.
Razmara, P.; Paykan Heyrati, F. & Dorafshan, S. 2014a. Effect of silver nanoparticles on some hematological indices of rainbow catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Cell & Tissue Journal 5(3): 263-272 (In Farsi).
Razmara, P.; Dorafshan, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Talebi, M. & Ranjbar, M. 2014b. Effect of water-borne colloidal silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on gill histopathology of Rainbow catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Journal of Aquatic Ecology 3(3): 10-18 (In Farsi).
Salari Joo, H.; Kalbassi, M.R.; Yu, I.J.; Lee, J.H. & Johari, S.A. 2013. Bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Influence of concentration and salinity. Aquatic Toxicology140: 396-408.
Scown, T.M.; Santos, E.M.; Johnston, B.D.; Gaiser, B.; Baalousha, M.; Mitov, S.; Lead, J.R.; Stone, V.; Fernandes, T.F.; Jepson, M.; Aerle, R.V. & Tyler, C.R. 2010. Effects of aqueous exposure to silver nanoparticles of different sizes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicology Science115: 521-534.
Shaw, B.J.; Al-Bairuty, G. & Handy, R.D. 2012. Effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss) physiology and accumulation. Aquatic Toxicology 116-117: 90-101.
Sovova, T.; Boyle, D.; Sloman, K.A.; Perez, C.V. & Handy, R.D. 2014. Impaired behavioral response to alarm substance in rainbow trout exposed to copper nanoparticles. Aquatic Toxicology 152: 195-204.
Takenaka, S.; Karg, E.; Roth, C.; Schulz, H.; Ziesenis, A. & Heinzmann, U. 2001. Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(4): 547-551.
Vidthayanon, C. & Hogan, Z. 2013. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org/ details/180689/0 (accessed on 19 January 2017).
Wang, T.; Long, X.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, Z. & Yan, S. 2014. The potential toxicity of copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on juvenile Orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coicoides. Aquatic Toxicology 14:101-105.
Welker, T.L.; Lim, C.; Yildirim-Aksoy, M. & Klesius, P.H. 2011. Effects of dietary supplementation of a purified nucleotide mixture on immune function and disease and stress resistance in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture Research 42: 1878-1889.
Yaghobi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Akhlaghi, M.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahmoudi, N. 2014. Intestinal microbiota of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) fed on dietary nucleotide. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1 (4): 274-280.
Yaghobi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahmoudi, N. 2015a. Serum biochemical changes and acute stress responses of the endangered iridescent catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus supplied with dietary nucleotide. Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology 17: 1161-1170.
Yaghobi, M.; Dorafshan, S.; Akhlaghi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F. & Mahmoudi, N. 2015b. Immune responses and intestinal morphology of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878), fed dietary nucleotides. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31: 83-87.
Bahrami Babaheydari, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S.; Mahboobi Soofiani, N. & Vahabi, M.R. 2015. Effect of dietary wood betony, Stachys lavandulifolia extract on growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters of Common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 14(4): 805-817.
Benjamin, J.; Shaw, B.J. & Handy, R.D. 2011. Physiological effects of nanoparticles on fish: A comparison of nanometals versus metal ions. Environment International 37:1083-1097.
Blaise, C.; Gagne, F.; Ferard, J.F. & Eullaffroy, P. 2008. Ecotoxicity of selected nano-materials to aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology 23(5): 591-598.
Burrells, C.; William, P.D.; Southage, P.J. & Wadsworth, S.L. 2001. Dietary nucleotides: a novelsupplement in fish feeds. II. Effects on vaccination, salt water transfer, growth rate and physiology of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 199: 171-184.
Castellano, J.J.; Shafii, S.M.; Ko, F.; Donate, G.; Wright, T.E.; Mannari, R.J.; Payne, W.G.; Smith, D.J. & Robson, M.C. 2007. Comparative evaluation of silver-containing antimicrobial dressing and drugs. International Wound Journal 4(2): 122-134.
Chae, Y.J.; Pham, C.H.; Lee, J.; Bae, E.; Yi, J. & Gu, M.B. 2009. Evaluation of the toxic impact of silver nanoparticles on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Aquatic Toxicology 94: 320-327.
Colvin, V.L. 2003. The potential environmental impact of engineered nanomaterials.Nature Biotechnology 21(10): 1166-1170.
Holen, E. & Jonsson, R. 2004. Dietary nucleotides and intestinal cell lines. I. Modulationof growth. Nutrition Research 24: 197-207.
Kalbassi, M.R.; Abdollahzadeh, E. & Salari Joo, H. 2012. The effect of colloidal silver nanoparticles on the intestinal bacterial flora population of rainbow trout fish (Onchorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 181-189 (In Farsi).
Kim, S.G.; Jee, J.H. & Kang, J.C. 2004. Cadmium accumulation and elimination in tissues of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus after sub-chronic cadmium exposure. Environmental Pollution 127: 117-123.
Kreyling, W.G.; Semmler-Behnke, M. & Chaudhry, Q.A. 2010. Complementary definition of nanomaterial. Nanotoday 5(3): 165-168.
Leonardi, M.; Sandino, A.M. & Klempau, A. 2003. Effect of a nucleotide-enriched diet on the immune system, plasma cortisol levels and resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Bulletin Europe Association Fish Pathologists 23: 52-59.
Li, P. & Gatlin III, D.M. 2006. Nucleotide nutrition in fish: current knowledge and future applications. Aquaculture 251:141-152.
Palermo, F.A.; Cardinaletti, G.; Cocci, P.; Tibaldi, E.; Polzonetti-Magni, A. & Mosconi, G. 2013. Effects of dietary nucleotides on acute stress response and cannabinoid receptor 1 mRNAs in sole (Solea solea). Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology164: 477-482.
Orojali, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahboobi Soofiani, N. 2014. Bioaccumulation of waterborne cadmium and its effect on carcassquality of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). Iranian Veterinary Journal 10(3): 11-22 (In Farsi).
Rai, M.; Yadav, A. & Gade, A. 2009. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology Advances 27(1): 76-83.
Razmara, P.; Paykan Heyrati, F. & Dorafshan, S. 2014a. Effect of silver nanoparticles on some hematological indices of rainbow catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Cell & Tissue Journal 5(3): 263-272 (In Farsi).
Razmara, P.; Dorafshan, S.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Talebi, M. & Ranjbar, M. 2014b. Effect of water-borne colloidal silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on gill histopathology of Rainbow catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Journal of Aquatic Ecology 3(3): 10-18 (In Farsi).
Salari Joo, H.; Kalbassi, M.R.; Yu, I.J.; Lee, J.H. & Johari, S.A. 2013. Bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Influence of concentration and salinity. Aquatic Toxicology140: 396-408.
Scown, T.M.; Santos, E.M.; Johnston, B.D.; Gaiser, B.; Baalousha, M.; Mitov, S.; Lead, J.R.; Stone, V.; Fernandes, T.F.; Jepson, M.; Aerle, R.V. & Tyler, C.R. 2010. Effects of aqueous exposure to silver nanoparticles of different sizes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicology Science115: 521-534.
Shaw, B.J.; Al-Bairuty, G. & Handy, R.D. 2012. Effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss) physiology and accumulation. Aquatic Toxicology 116-117: 90-101.
Sovova, T.; Boyle, D.; Sloman, K.A.; Perez, C.V. & Handy, R.D. 2014. Impaired behavioral response to alarm substance in rainbow trout exposed to copper nanoparticles. Aquatic Toxicology 152: 195-204.
Takenaka, S.; Karg, E.; Roth, C.; Schulz, H.; Ziesenis, A. & Heinzmann, U. 2001. Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 109(4): 547-551.
Vidthayanon, C. & Hogan, Z. 2013. Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN red list of threatened species. www.iucnredlist.org/ details/180689/0 (accessed on 19 January 2017).
Wang, T.; Long, X.; Cheng, Y.; Liu, Z. & Yan, S. 2014. The potential toxicity of copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on juvenile Orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coicoides. Aquatic Toxicology 14:101-105.
Welker, T.L.; Lim, C.; Yildirim-Aksoy, M. & Klesius, P.H. 2011. Effects of dietary supplementation of a purified nucleotide mixture on immune function and disease and stress resistance in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquaculture Research 42: 1878-1889.
Yaghobi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Akhlaghi, M.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahmoudi, N. 2014. Intestinal microbiota of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) fed on dietary nucleotide. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology 1 (4): 274-280.
Yaghobi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F.; Dorafshan, S. & Mahmoudi, N. 2015a. Serum biochemical changes and acute stress responses of the endangered iridescent catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus supplied with dietary nucleotide. Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology 17: 1161-1170.
Yaghobi, M.; Dorafshan, S.; Akhlaghi, M.; Paykan Heyrati, F. & Mahmoudi, N. 2015b. Immune responses and intestinal morphology of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878), fed dietary nucleotides. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31: 83-87.