Main Article Content
Abstract
Although the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, is a commercially valuable sturgeon species of the Caspian Sea, but there are only few reports about its parasite fauna in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. In this study, a total of 209 individuals of Persian sturgeon were collected from two regions in the southwestern of Caspian Sea (Guilan Province, Iran) from March 2009 to May 2011. After recording their biometric characteristics, standard necropsy and parasitology methods were used for finding parasites. The nematodes were fixed in 70% ethanol and then cleared in lactophenol. The other worms were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and stained with aqueous acetocarmine. In this study, a total of 1396 worms belonging to six species, including two nematode species viz. Cucullanus sphaerocephalus and Eustrongylides excisus, two cestodes viz. Amphilina foliacea and Bothrimonus fallax, one digenean trematode, namely Skrjabinopsolus semiarmatus, and one acanthocephalan, namely Leptorhynchoides plagicephalus were found in 209 examined Persian sturgeons.
Keywords
Acipenseriformes
Nematoda
Cestoda
Prevalence
Intensity.
Article Details
License
The authors transfer the copyrights of their papers to the Iranian Society of Ichthyology. However, the information could be used in accordance with the Creative Commons licence (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
How to Cite
NOEI, M. R., IBRAHIMOV, S., & SATTARI, M. (2016). Parasitic worms of the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897 from the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 2(4), 287–295. https://doi.org/10.22034/iji.v2i4.107
References
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Artyokhin, E.N. 1979. Presideskii osetr v rekakh Severnogo Kaspiya perspektivy ego espolzovanlya v osetrovom khosyalstveIn Biologicheskie osnovy osetrovogo khozyaistva v vodoemakh SSSR. Izd. Nauka, Moskva, pp.105-115. (In Russian)
Avdeyev, V.V. 1987. Key to Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of the USSR. Vol. 3, Academic of Science of the USSR.
Belyaev, V.N. 1932. Osetr (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt 1833) Byulletene Vsekaspiisko Nauchno- rybokhozyaistvennoi Ekspeditsii 5-6: 66-77. (In Russian)
Berg, L.S. 1948. Ryby presnikh vod SSR i sopredel nykh stran, 4ed, 1. Izd. Akad. Nauk. SSR, Moskva-Leningrad. (In Russian)
Bush, A.O.; Laferty, K.D.; Lotz, J.M. & Shostak, A.W. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. The Journal of parasitology, 83: 575-583.
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E.; Gusev, A.V.; Dubinina, M.N.; Izyumova, N.A.; Smirnova, T.S.; Sokolovskaya, A.L.; Schtein, G.A.; Shulman, S.S. & Epshtein, V.M. 1962. Key to parasites of freshwater fishes of the USSR. Academy of Science of the USSR, Zoological Institute, USSR. 919 p.
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E. 1985. Parasites of fishes. Manual for research. Leningrad, “Nauka”, 122 p.
Daghigh Roohi, J. & Sattari M. 2010. Survey of intestinal parasites of Neogobius bathybius in southwestern coasts of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 18(4): 165-171.
Daghigh Roohi, J.; Sattari, M.; Asgharnia, M. & Roofchaei, R. 2014. Occurrence and intensity of parasites in Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio from Anzali wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(2): 276-288.
Dogiel, V.A. & Bykhovskiy, B.E. 1939. Parasity ryb Kaspiiskogo morya. Trudy po kompleksnomu izucheniyu Kaspiiskogo morya, 7. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad, pp. 172-173. (In Russian)
Dubinin, V.B. 1952. Parazitofauna molodi osetrovikh ryb Nizhnei Volgi. Uchen. Zapiski Leningradsk, Gos. Univ. 141, 28: 238-251. (In Russian)
Emadi, H. 1996. The situation of catching and the reason of decreasing the sturgeons stocks. Journal of Abzyyan 5: 16-18. (In Farsi)
Gorogi, A. 1996a. Identification of blood and intestinal parasites of A. persicus in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science 1: 35-39. (In Farsi)
Gorogi, A. 1996b. Identification of blood and intestinal parasites of H. huso in southern part of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 4: 43-47. (In Farsi)
Holcik, J. 1989. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Vol.1, part II, AULA-Verlag, Weisbaden.
Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Sattari, M.; Yousefi, R.; Saeedi, S.E. & Goodarzi, L. 2009. Parasitic worms of some sturgeons (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) from the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. 14th EAFP International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish, Prague, Czech Republic, 220 p.
Khara, H. & Sattari, M. 2014. Occurrence and intensity of parasites in Wels catfish catfish, Silurus glanis L., 1758 from Amirkelayeh Wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 1-5.
Leong, T.S. & Holmes, J. 1981. Communities of metazoan parasites in open water fishes of Cold Lake, Alberta. Journal of Fish Biology 18: 693-713.
Mageramov, C.M. 1972. Poyavlenie volzhskogo osetra v r.Kure. In: Osetrovye i skat kurinskikh osetrovykh. Trudy Tsniorkh 2: 95-104. (In Russian)
Marti, V.Yu. 1940. Systematika i biologiya russkogo osetra Kavkazskogo poberezh ya Chernogo morya. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 19: 865-872. (In Russian)
Mokhayer, B. 1972. Recherches sur le parasitisme des esturgoens de La Mer Caspienne Meridionale. These, Universite de Paris, France, 300 p.
Moravec, F. 1994. Parasitic Nematodes of Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Kluwer Academic publishers.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Sattari, M. 2013. First report of Neoechinorhynchus rutili in Cobitis faridpaki (Cobitidae), from the Southern Caspian Sea basin. Ribarstvo Croatian Journal of Fisheries 97-110.
Nechaeva, N.L. 1964. Parazitofauna molodi osetrovykh ryb Kaspiisko– Kurinskogo rajona. Trudy Vniro 54: 223-238. (In Russian with English Abstract)
Putilina, L.A. 1983. Morfologicheskaya kharakteristika persidskogo osetra v r.Volge, In: The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Holcik, J., Vol. 1, Part II, AULA-Verlag, Weisbaden.
Sattari, M. & Mokhayer, B. 2006. Parasitic worms of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897) from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 26(3): 131-136.
Sattari, M. 1996. Parasites of some bonyfish species of Anzali Wetland from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Report to the University of Guilan, Iran, pp. 45-50. (In Persian)
Sattari, M. 1999. Parasites of sturgeons (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Ph.D Dissertation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tehran, Iran, 280 p. (In Persian)
Sattari, M.; Shafii, S. & Daghigh Roohi, J. 2002. Occurrence and intensity of Eustrongylides excisus (L.) (Nematoda: Dioctophymidae) from some bonyfish species in the Caspian Sea and its basin [In Persian], Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran, 57: 1:37-41.
Sattari, M.; Mokhayer, B.; Khara, H.; Roohi, J.D. & Nezami, S. 2008. Parasitic worms of some bony fish species from the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 28(1): 166-177.
Sattari, M.; Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Ahmadi, M.R.; Rohii, J.D.; Balalanfard, Z.; Faez, S.; Jafarzadeh, A.; Taherkhani, A.; Pourmohammadi, R. & Mahdaviniya, H. 2009. Parasites of some bony fishe species in Sourkhankol River from the southwest of the Caspian Sea, 14th EAFP International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish, Prague, Czech Republic, p. 218.
Shulman, S.S. 1954. Obzor fauny parasitov osetrovikh ryb SSSR. Trudy Leningradskogo Obshchestva Estetstvoispttatelei 72: 190-254. (In Russian)
Skryabina, E.S. 1974. Gel’minty osetrovikh ryb. Izd. Nauka, Moskva. (In Russian)
Stoskopf, M.K. 1993. Fish Medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp: 52-63.
Torrik, A.B. 1994. A survey on the diet of sturgeons in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Fisheries Organisation of Iran. 1: 26-29. (In Farsi)
Yamaguti, S. 1961. The Nematodes of Vertebrates. Part I, II. Systema helminthum III, Interscience publisher, New York, London.
References
Artyokhin, E.N. 1979. Presideskii osetr v rekakh Severnogo Kaspiya perspektivy ego espolzovanlya v osetrovom khosyalstveIn Biologicheskie osnovy osetrovogo khozyaistva v vodoemakh SSSR. Izd. Nauka, Moskva, pp.105-115. (In Russian)
Avdeyev, V.V. 1987. Key to Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of the USSR. Vol. 3, Academic of Science of the USSR.
Belyaev, V.N. 1932. Osetr (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt 1833) Byulletene Vsekaspiisko Nauchno- rybokhozyaistvennoi Ekspeditsii 5-6: 66-77. (In Russian)
Berg, L.S. 1948. Ryby presnikh vod SSR i sopredel nykh stran, 4ed, 1. Izd. Akad. Nauk. SSR, Moskva-Leningrad. (In Russian)
Bush, A.O.; Laferty, K.D.; Lotz, J.M. & Shostak, A.W. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. The Journal of parasitology, 83: 575-583.
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E.; Gusev, A.V.; Dubinina, M.N.; Izyumova, N.A.; Smirnova, T.S.; Sokolovskaya, A.L.; Schtein, G.A.; Shulman, S.S. & Epshtein, V.M. 1962. Key to parasites of freshwater fishes of the USSR. Academy of Science of the USSR, Zoological Institute, USSR. 919 p.
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E. 1985. Parasites of fishes. Manual for research. Leningrad, “Nauka”, 122 p.
Daghigh Roohi, J. & Sattari M. 2010. Survey of intestinal parasites of Neogobius bathybius in southwestern coasts of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 18(4): 165-171.
Daghigh Roohi, J.; Sattari, M.; Asgharnia, M. & Roofchaei, R. 2014. Occurrence and intensity of parasites in Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio from Anzali wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(2): 276-288.
Dogiel, V.A. & Bykhovskiy, B.E. 1939. Parasity ryb Kaspiiskogo morya. Trudy po kompleksnomu izucheniyu Kaspiiskogo morya, 7. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad, pp. 172-173. (In Russian)
Dubinin, V.B. 1952. Parazitofauna molodi osetrovikh ryb Nizhnei Volgi. Uchen. Zapiski Leningradsk, Gos. Univ. 141, 28: 238-251. (In Russian)
Emadi, H. 1996. The situation of catching and the reason of decreasing the sturgeons stocks. Journal of Abzyyan 5: 16-18. (In Farsi)
Gorogi, A. 1996a. Identification of blood and intestinal parasites of A. persicus in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science 1: 35-39. (In Farsi)
Gorogi, A. 1996b. Identification of blood and intestinal parasites of H. huso in southern part of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 4: 43-47. (In Farsi)
Holcik, J. 1989. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Vol.1, part II, AULA-Verlag, Weisbaden.
Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Sattari, M.; Yousefi, R.; Saeedi, S.E. & Goodarzi, L. 2009. Parasitic worms of some sturgeons (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) from the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. 14th EAFP International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish, Prague, Czech Republic, 220 p.
Khara, H. & Sattari, M. 2014. Occurrence and intensity of parasites in Wels catfish catfish, Silurus glanis L., 1758 from Amirkelayeh Wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 1-5.
Leong, T.S. & Holmes, J. 1981. Communities of metazoan parasites in open water fishes of Cold Lake, Alberta. Journal of Fish Biology 18: 693-713.
Mageramov, C.M. 1972. Poyavlenie volzhskogo osetra v r.Kure. In: Osetrovye i skat kurinskikh osetrovykh. Trudy Tsniorkh 2: 95-104. (In Russian)
Marti, V.Yu. 1940. Systematika i biologiya russkogo osetra Kavkazskogo poberezh ya Chernogo morya. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 19: 865-872. (In Russian)
Mokhayer, B. 1972. Recherches sur le parasitisme des esturgoens de La Mer Caspienne Meridionale. These, Universite de Paris, France, 300 p.
Moravec, F. 1994. Parasitic Nematodes of Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Kluwer Academic publishers.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Sattari, M. 2013. First report of Neoechinorhynchus rutili in Cobitis faridpaki (Cobitidae), from the Southern Caspian Sea basin. Ribarstvo Croatian Journal of Fisheries 97-110.
Nechaeva, N.L. 1964. Parazitofauna molodi osetrovykh ryb Kaspiisko– Kurinskogo rajona. Trudy Vniro 54: 223-238. (In Russian with English Abstract)
Putilina, L.A. 1983. Morfologicheskaya kharakteristika persidskogo osetra v r.Volge, In: The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Holcik, J., Vol. 1, Part II, AULA-Verlag, Weisbaden.
Sattari, M. & Mokhayer, B. 2006. Parasitic worms of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897) from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 26(3): 131-136.
Sattari, M. 1996. Parasites of some bonyfish species of Anzali Wetland from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Report to the University of Guilan, Iran, pp. 45-50. (In Persian)
Sattari, M. 1999. Parasites of sturgeons (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Ph.D Dissertation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tehran, Iran, 280 p. (In Persian)
Sattari, M.; Shafii, S. & Daghigh Roohi, J. 2002. Occurrence and intensity of Eustrongylides excisus (L.) (Nematoda: Dioctophymidae) from some bonyfish species in the Caspian Sea and its basin [In Persian], Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran, 57: 1:37-41.
Sattari, M.; Mokhayer, B.; Khara, H.; Roohi, J.D. & Nezami, S. 2008. Parasitic worms of some bony fish species from the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 28(1): 166-177.
Sattari, M.; Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Ahmadi, M.R.; Rohii, J.D.; Balalanfard, Z.; Faez, S.; Jafarzadeh, A.; Taherkhani, A.; Pourmohammadi, R. & Mahdaviniya, H. 2009. Parasites of some bony fishe species in Sourkhankol River from the southwest of the Caspian Sea, 14th EAFP International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish, Prague, Czech Republic, p. 218.
Shulman, S.S. 1954. Obzor fauny parasitov osetrovikh ryb SSSR. Trudy Leningradskogo Obshchestva Estetstvoispttatelei 72: 190-254. (In Russian)
Skryabina, E.S. 1974. Gel’minty osetrovikh ryb. Izd. Nauka, Moskva. (In Russian)
Stoskopf, M.K. 1993. Fish Medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp: 52-63.
Torrik, A.B. 1994. A survey on the diet of sturgeons in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Fisheries Organisation of Iran. 1: 26-29. (In Farsi)
Yamaguti, S. 1961. The Nematodes of Vertebrates. Part I, II. Systema helminthum III, Interscience publisher, New York, London.
Avdeyev, V.V. 1987. Key to Parasites of Freshwater Fishes of the USSR. Vol. 3, Academic of Science of the USSR.
Belyaev, V.N. 1932. Osetr (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt 1833) Byulletene Vsekaspiisko Nauchno- rybokhozyaistvennoi Ekspeditsii 5-6: 66-77. (In Russian)
Berg, L.S. 1948. Ryby presnikh vod SSR i sopredel nykh stran, 4ed, 1. Izd. Akad. Nauk. SSR, Moskva-Leningrad. (In Russian)
Bush, A.O.; Laferty, K.D.; Lotz, J.M. & Shostak, A.W. 1997. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. The Journal of parasitology, 83: 575-583.
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E.; Gusev, A.V.; Dubinina, M.N.; Izyumova, N.A.; Smirnova, T.S.; Sokolovskaya, A.L.; Schtein, G.A.; Shulman, S.S. & Epshtein, V.M. 1962. Key to parasites of freshwater fishes of the USSR. Academy of Science of the USSR, Zoological Institute, USSR. 919 p.
Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, I.E. 1985. Parasites of fishes. Manual for research. Leningrad, “Nauka”, 122 p.
Daghigh Roohi, J. & Sattari M. 2010. Survey of intestinal parasites of Neogobius bathybius in southwestern coasts of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal, 18(4): 165-171.
Daghigh Roohi, J.; Sattari, M.; Asgharnia, M. & Roofchaei, R. 2014. Occurrence and intensity of parasites in Prussian carp, Carassius gibelio from Anzali wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea, Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 13(2): 276-288.
Dogiel, V.A. & Bykhovskiy, B.E. 1939. Parasity ryb Kaspiiskogo morya. Trudy po kompleksnomu izucheniyu Kaspiiskogo morya, 7. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moskva-Leningrad, pp. 172-173. (In Russian)
Dubinin, V.B. 1952. Parazitofauna molodi osetrovikh ryb Nizhnei Volgi. Uchen. Zapiski Leningradsk, Gos. Univ. 141, 28: 238-251. (In Russian)
Emadi, H. 1996. The situation of catching and the reason of decreasing the sturgeons stocks. Journal of Abzyyan 5: 16-18. (In Farsi)
Gorogi, A. 1996a. Identification of blood and intestinal parasites of A. persicus in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science 1: 35-39. (In Farsi)
Gorogi, A. 1996b. Identification of blood and intestinal parasites of H. huso in southern part of the Caspian Sea. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 4: 43-47. (In Farsi)
Holcik, J. 1989. The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Vol.1, part II, AULA-Verlag, Weisbaden.
Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Sattari, M.; Yousefi, R.; Saeedi, S.E. & Goodarzi, L. 2009. Parasitic worms of some sturgeons (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) from the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. 14th EAFP International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish, Prague, Czech Republic, 220 p.
Khara, H. & Sattari, M. 2014. Occurrence and intensity of parasites in Wels catfish catfish, Silurus glanis L., 1758 from Amirkelayeh Wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 1-5.
Leong, T.S. & Holmes, J. 1981. Communities of metazoan parasites in open water fishes of Cold Lake, Alberta. Journal of Fish Biology 18: 693-713.
Mageramov, C.M. 1972. Poyavlenie volzhskogo osetra v r.Kure. In: Osetrovye i skat kurinskikh osetrovykh. Trudy Tsniorkh 2: 95-104. (In Russian)
Marti, V.Yu. 1940. Systematika i biologiya russkogo osetra Kavkazskogo poberezh ya Chernogo morya. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 19: 865-872. (In Russian)
Mokhayer, B. 1972. Recherches sur le parasitisme des esturgoens de La Mer Caspienne Meridionale. These, Universite de Paris, France, 300 p.
Moravec, F. 1994. Parasitic Nematodes of Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Kluwer Academic publishers.
Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Sattari, M. 2013. First report of Neoechinorhynchus rutili in Cobitis faridpaki (Cobitidae), from the Southern Caspian Sea basin. Ribarstvo Croatian Journal of Fisheries 97-110.
Nechaeva, N.L. 1964. Parazitofauna molodi osetrovykh ryb Kaspiisko– Kurinskogo rajona. Trudy Vniro 54: 223-238. (In Russian with English Abstract)
Putilina, L.A. 1983. Morfologicheskaya kharakteristika persidskogo osetra v r.Volge, In: The Freshwater Fishes of Europe. Holcik, J., Vol. 1, Part II, AULA-Verlag, Weisbaden.
Sattari, M. & Mokhayer, B. 2006. Parasitic worms of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus Borodin, 1897) from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 26(3): 131-136.
Sattari, M. 1996. Parasites of some bonyfish species of Anzali Wetland from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Report to the University of Guilan, Iran, pp. 45-50. (In Persian)
Sattari, M. 1999. Parasites of sturgeons (Chondrostei: Acipenseridae) from the southwest of the Caspian Sea. Ph.D Dissertation, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tehran, Iran, 280 p. (In Persian)
Sattari, M.; Shafii, S. & Daghigh Roohi, J. 2002. Occurrence and intensity of Eustrongylides excisus (L.) (Nematoda: Dioctophymidae) from some bonyfish species in the Caspian Sea and its basin [In Persian], Journal of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Iran, 57: 1:37-41.
Sattari, M.; Mokhayer, B.; Khara, H.; Roohi, J.D. & Nezami, S. 2008. Parasitic worms of some bony fish species from the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathologists 28(1): 166-177.
Sattari, M.; Khara, H.; Nezami, S.; Ahmadi, M.R.; Rohii, J.D.; Balalanfard, Z.; Faez, S.; Jafarzadeh, A.; Taherkhani, A.; Pourmohammadi, R. & Mahdaviniya, H. 2009. Parasites of some bony fishe species in Sourkhankol River from the southwest of the Caspian Sea, 14th EAFP International Conference on Diseases of Fish and Shellfish, Prague, Czech Republic, p. 218.
Shulman, S.S. 1954. Obzor fauny parasitov osetrovikh ryb SSSR. Trudy Leningradskogo Obshchestva Estetstvoispttatelei 72: 190-254. (In Russian)
Skryabina, E.S. 1974. Gel’minty osetrovikh ryb. Izd. Nauka, Moskva. (In Russian)
Stoskopf, M.K. 1993. Fish Medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp: 52-63.
Torrik, A.B. 1994. A survey on the diet of sturgeons in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Fisheries Organisation of Iran. 1: 26-29. (In Farsi)
Yamaguti, S. 1961. The Nematodes of Vertebrates. Part I, II. Systema helminthum III, Interscience publisher, New York, London.